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Structure of the earth

Structure of the earth. layered sphere inner core: outer core mantle crust continental - felsic oceanic - mafic. plate tectonics. surface is made of plates that move around and bump into each other effects earthquakes volcanoes mountains. rocks and minerals.

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Structure of the earth

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  1. Structure of the earth • layered sphere • inner core: • outer core • mantle • crust • continental - felsic • oceanic - mafic

  2. plate tectonics • surface is made of plates that move around and bump into each other • effects • earthquakes • volcanoes • mountains

  3. rocks and minerals • minerals: building blocks of rocks • rocks • rock cycle • how rocks form • how they relate to each other • igneous • sedimentary • metamorphic

  4. economic minerology • resources & reserves - chapt 8 • ore • economic deposit (includes host material) • examples • gold - 0001% (10 ppm) • iron - 20% • metals - uses and distribution - p 359 • nonmetals • strategic minerals

  5. mineral extraction • mining techniques • processing • effects • response • conservation • recycling • substitution

  6. geologic hazards • outlook • prediction - date, time, magnitude • forecast - likelihood of occurrence, magnitude

  7. earthquakes • faults - energy stored and released • effects • magnitude & intensity • human impact • prediction and forecast

  8. volcanoes • products • lava • ash • gas • effects • human impact - none known • prediction and forecast

  9. floods • river leaves its banks • effects • human impact • increased drainage basin efficiency • floods are higher and sooner • prediction and forecast

  10. landslides • slope moves downhill • human impact • oversteepen • undercut • add weight • add water • prediction and forecast

  11. the coast • high energy environment • flooding and erosion

  12. Weather & Climate • weather • physical conditions of the atmosphere • at a given place and time • may rapidly fluctuate • climate • long-term weather patterns • average conditions • fluctuates gradually

  13. atmosphere • “ocean of air” • composition - table p 375 • N2 - 78% • O2 - 21% • Ar - 1% • CO2 - 0035% • H2O - 0 to 4%

  14. development of the atmosphere • early - 4.5 to 3.5 BYA • emitted by volcanoes • no free oxygen • 3.5 to 1.8 BYA • water forms oceans • CO2 dissolves into the water • life converts the CO2 to organic material, rock, and O2 • oxygen intermittently present in ocean • 18 BYA to present • O2 gradually increased • 2% of atmosphere about 550 MYA

  15. layered - fig p 366 • troposphere • 75% of atmosphere by mass • stratosphere • ozone • mesosphere • thermosphere • lower part - ionosphere

  16. sun’s energy • distribution - fig p 377 • work • energy changes from high quality to low quality (infrared) • “greenhouse” • reradiated from surface to clouds and back • cycling of energy between surface and atmosphere • stored in oceans and atmosphere by water • used by plants • moves as wind • moves as ocean currents

  17. driving forces sun : uneven distribution of heat equator get more energy/unit area earth’s rotation coriolis effect - deflects moving air effects circulation patterns - fig p 379 convection cells - fig p 378 jet streams - fig p 380 frontal weather - fig p 380 cyclonic storms - fig p 382 hurricanes & typhoons seasonal winds - fig p 383 monsoons weather

  18. weather modification • can’t do much • initiation of precipitation

  19. El Nino/ Southern Oscillation • figure - p 386 • periodic, dramatic change in weather patterns • related to equatorial winds and ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean • effects: shift in rainfall, alteration of ocean currents

  20. climate change • trends & patterns - fig p 384 • rate • causes • greenhouse gases - fig p 387 • moving continents • natural & human • effects - figs p 388 & 389 • movement of climatic zones • changing rainfall patterns • changing lengths of seasons • more dramatic weather? • solutions?

  21. Air pollution • foul, unclean air • 120 million metric tons of air pollution/yr released in US

  22. natural esp. in rural areas volcanoes sea spray forest fires plants viruses dust methane (from digestion) human up to 90% of total in cities pollutant type primary - released as harmful secondary - modified in the air source type fugitive point sources

  23. conventional/criteria pollutants • regulated in Clean Air Act of 1970 • figs p 399, 400, 401 • sulfur compounds • nitrogen compounds • carbon oxides • particulates • VOCs (hydrocarbons) • photochemical oxidants • metals and halogens (including Pb)

  24. unconventional/non-criteria pollutants • regulated • asbestos • PCBs • aesthetic degradation • noise • odor • light

  25. indoor • concentrated • smoking • asbestos • plastic emissions • radon • chemicals • indoor fires

  26. climate, topography, and atmo. processes • temp inversions - fig p 405 • urban heat islands & dust domes • long range transport - fig p 406 • stratospheric ozone - fig p 406 • formation • oxygen altered by UV • destruction - fig p 407 • by UV • by Cl from CFCs

  27. effects of air pollution • types of effects • chronic vs acute • toxic • diseases • hormonal • synergistic • human health • plant pathology • acid deposition - fig p 410 • visibility

  28. control of air pollution • move sources away • taller smoke stacks • particulate removal - fig p 413 • sulfur removal • fuel switching & fuel cleaning • limestone injection & fluidized bed combustion - fig p 414 • flue gas desulfurization & sulfur recovery • nitrogen oxide control • catalytic converters (ruined by Pb) • hydrocarbon controls • PCV in cars • after burners

  29. Laws - clean air acts • 1963 • 1970 • 1990 • marketing pollution rights • ozone protection • auto emissions • currently under review by Supreme Court

  30. current conditions/future prospects • improving in first world - fig p 418 • degrading in second and third world

  31. Water resources • importance • essential for life • 60% of body • 70% of Earth’s surface • source • volcanoes • comets • hydrologic cycle - fig p 424

  32. water distribution - table p 426 • oceans - 97% • glaciers/snow - 2% • groundwater - 0.28% • lakes/reservoirs • fresh - 0.009% • saline - 0.007% • also soil moisture - 0.005% • atmo - 0.001% • wetlands - 0.0003% (typo in book) • rivers and streams - 0.0001%

  33. groundwater movement • fig p 428 • infiltration • zone of aeration (soil moisture) • water table • zone of saturation • water moves under pressure of gravity through pores in the rock/sediment (rarely in cracks

  34. surface water movement • 2/3 - seasonal floods • 1/3 - stable runoff

  35. freshwater sources • runoff • direct • storage and redistribution • groundwater • alternatives • desalinization • cloud seeding • icebergs

  36. drought • long-term shortages • cyclic

  37. types of water use • withdrawal - total removed • consumption - not returned • degradation - returned in a poorer state

  38. quantities used - graph p 431 • agriculture • commercial/industrial • cooling water for power plants • metal refining • petroleum refining • paper • domestic • public • lost

  39. implication/effects of use • groundwater - best source • degradation • drawdown of water table - fig p 435 • mining • surface water reservoirs • evaporation • leakage • siltation • in-stream users

  40. management • watershed management • conservation by users • pricing

  41. Water pollution • degradation of water quality • sources • point • non-point • atmosphere • in-stream users

  42. water pollution types (table p 449) • infectious agents - fig p 452 • oxygen-demanding wastes - fig p 451 • BOD • examine - dissolved oxygen & life forms present • nutrients • eutrophication - nutrients stimulate growth • vegetation chokes water • clarity decreases • upon death - produce oxygen demanding waste • examine - nitrogen and phosphorous content

  43. water pollution types • table p 449 • toxic inorganics • organic chemicals • pesticides • petrochemicals - LUST • pharmaceuticals • sediment • thermal pollution

  44. current water quality • fig p 457 • 1972 clean water act • regulated point sources • make all waters fishable and swimmable

  45. current problems • feedlots • non-point source • ag runoff • storm sewers • USTs • landfills • septic/sewage treatment • developing countries

  46. other water pollution problems • groundwater and drinking water supplies • fig p 460 • many sources • filtration capacity is limited • contamination difficult to remove • oceans - fig p 462 • trash • ag runoff • nets • petroleum spills • natural • human

  47. pollution control • source reduction • land management • human waste • septic tanks & lagoons - fig p 465 • municipal sewage treatment - fig p 466 • primary - filtering • secondary • tertiary • other methods • septic effluent to central collection • wetland use

  48. laws - table p 469 • clean water act • 1972 - original • amending and reauthorizing • safe drinking water act • regulates municipal supplies • mandates testing and imposes limits • CERCLA/superfund • Great Lakes water quality agreement • London dumping convention

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