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Muscle Physiology

Muscle Physiology. Muscular System Functions. Body movement Maintenance of posture Respiration Production of body heat Communication Constriction of organs and vessels Heart beat. Properties of Muscle. Contractility Ability of a muscle to shorten with force Excitability

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Muscle Physiology

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  1. Muscle Physiology

  2. Muscular System Functions Body movement Maintenance of posture Respiration Production of body heat Communication Constriction of organs and vessels Heart beat

  3. Properties of Muscle • Contractility • Ability of a muscle to shorten with force • Excitability • Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus • Extensibility • Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree • Elasticity • Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched

  4. Muscle Tissue Types • Skeletal • Attached to bones • Striated, Voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) • Smooth • Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, skin • Not striated, involuntary, gap junctions in visceral smooth • Cardiac • Heart • Striations, involuntary, intercalated disks

  5. Muscle fiber

  6. Internal organization:

  7. Sliding Filament Model I: • Actin myofilaments sliding over myosin to shorten sarcomeres • Actin and myosin do not change length • Shortening sarcomeres responsible for skeletal muscle contraction • During relaxation, sarcomeres lengthen

  8. Sliding filament model II:

  9. Energy Sources • ATP provides immediate energy for muscle contractions from 3 sources • Creatine phosphate • During resting conditions stores energy to synthesize ATP • Anaerobic respiration • Occurs in absence of oxygen and results in breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid • Aerobic respiration • Requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide and water • More efficient than anaerobic

  10. Slow and Fast Fibers • Slow-twitch • Contract more slowly, smaller in diameter, better blood supply, more mitochondria, more fatigue-resistant than fast-twitch • Fast-twitch • Respond rapidly to nervous stimulation, contain myosin to break down ATP more rapidly, less blood supply, fewer and smaller mitochondria than slow-twitch • Distribution of fast-twitch and slow twitch • Most muscles have both but varies for each muscle • Effects of exercise • Hypertrophies: Increases in muscle size • Atrophies: Decreases in muscle size

  11. Fatigue • Decreased capacity to work and reduced efficiency of performance • Types: • Psychological • Depends on emotional state of individual • Muscular • Results from ATP depletion • Synaptic • Occurs in neuromuscular junction due to lack of acetylcholine

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