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Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear Reactions. Section 7.3. The stronger the bond the more energy associated with it Small Change = B ig E nergy. Chemical reactions involve only the Electrons of atoms Nuclear reactions involve the Protons, Neutrons and Electrons The Future will Involve Quarks. Nuclear Reactions.

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Nuclear Reactions

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  1. Nuclear Reactions Section 7.3

  2. The stronger the bond the more energy associated with it Small Change = Big Energy Chemical reactions involve only the Electrons of atoms Nuclear reactions involve the Protons, Neutrons and Electrons The Future will Involve Quarks Nuclear Reactions The process in which the nucleus changes gains or releases particles and energy

  3. Energy Output Comparison Chemical (Burn Coal) Nuclear (Uranium-235) 2 tonnes (2000Kg) of Coal = 1 g of Uranium Big Energy for such a Small Change Nuclear energy released is a million times greater than Chemical

  4. Natural: Some isotopes are naturally reactive and unstable (radioactive decay) Artificial: scientists can induce (create or speed-up) a nuclear reaction by bombarding a nuclei (making it unstable) with other nuclei or alpha, beta, and gamma radiation Nuclear Reactions Natural or Artificial (man-made)

  5. Fusion vs. Fission Types of Nuclear Reactions

  6. To Fuse = To Make Whole (One) Fusion • Fusion reaction involves combining particles • Smashing 2 or more particles together to form a larger one that releases the extra energy • Two smaller particles have more energy than is needed by one larger particle  release the extra • Think about the energy required(input) and potential(output) from 2 cars (or people) compared to 1 larger car (or person) • This involves small (light) particles

  7. Fusion Naturally occurring (Sun) • Fusion is still experimental (can create but not sustain reactions) • There are no (independently run) fusion reactors or weapons • Minimal nuclear waste (formed isotopes are non-radioactive) • 3 to 4 times more powerful than fission Not by man, too costly Technology is Insufficient (can’t achieve and contain the high pressures & temperatures) To Fuse = To Make Whole (One)

  8. To Fizz = To Break-Apart (Pieces) Fission • Fission reactions involve breaking apart particles • Splitting 1 particle into 2 or more, while releasing energy • Larger particles are more unstable due to the large number of (proton) interactions inside that tear (force) it apart • Think about being uncomfortable or trapped, a lot of unnecessary energy is wasted and you are glad to release it • This involves massive (heavy) particles.

  9. Fission Nuclear Power Generation: Reactors & Weapons • Fission is applicable (in use) • There are nuclear fission reactors and weapons • Dangerous radioactive isotope by-products limit fission’s usages • Disposal of radioactive waste is a problem (dangerous and costly) To Fizz = To Break-Apart (Pieces)

  10. The initial particle triggers multiple particles, so the reaction builds (speeds up). Chain Reaction (Explosion) All you need is to start the reaction. After the first, the reaction will continue on its own Chain reactions are famous for getting out of control  BOOM 

  11. Scientists have to either control the fuel in the reaction (the uranium or other fissionable material) Chain Reaction (Control) To stop the rapid increase that may lead to a violent nuclear reaction Or use a material to absorb (remove) or moderate (slowdown) the extra bombarding particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)

  12. Fission As the isotopes become larger the energy released decreases Beyond Iron, the isotope requires more energy to survive (becoming too massive & unstable) Fusion As the split isotopes become smaller the energy released decreases Beyond iron, the 2 smaller isotopes require more energy to survive than the single larger one The Importance of IRON in Nuclear Reactions [A tipping point or a threshold (beginning) of change] One of the last nuclear reactions that are exothermic One of the most abundant elements on earth

  13. Neutrons are small enough to penetrate matter (fit through holes), but large enough to make a difference (hit by a car). Neutrons have no overall charge (repulsive forces). Alpha too big and has protons Beta smaller and has an electron Gamma has (virtually) no mass Anything else is a combination of no good or we do not have the technology to use it properly The Importance of Neutrons in Nuclear Reactions Neutrons represent a powerful tool for inducing (starting) nuclear reactions

  14. 1. The sum of the mass numbers on each side of the equation does not change (stays the same) 2. The sum of the atomic charges (in the nucleus) on each side of the equation does not change (stays the same) 2 Rules for Writing Nuclear Equations Don’t Forget to Balance!!!!

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