Evolution and Classification of Plants: A Deep Dive

1. Biology IChapter 28 Plant Evolution and Classification

2. Why is fungus not considered to be a plant? Do Now

3. Evolution The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably green algae.

4. Adaptations to Land Conserving water Reproducing on land Absorbing minerals from the rocky surface

5. Preventing Water Loss Cuticle-the waxy protective covering of a land plant Stomata-openings that regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

6. Reproducing by Spores and Seeds Spore-haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall Seed-embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

7. Absorbing and Transporting Materials Vascular Tissue-an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels Xylem-transports water and minerals to the stems and leaves. Phloem-carries sugar in any direction

9. How do we classify plants? Do Now

10. Classifying Plants Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)-do not have true vascular tissue nor true roots, stems, or leaves Vascular plants (Tracheophytes)-have vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves

11. Seedless vascular plants-plants that reproduce using spores. • Vascular Seed plants-plants that produce seeds for reproduction. • Gymnosperms-produce seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit • Angiosperms-seed plants that produce seeds within a protective fruit. Classifying Plants

12. Alternation of Generations-Alternation between a haploid stage and a diploid stage in a plant’s life cycle Alternation of Generations

13. Alternation of Generations Sporophyte-The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle Vascular plants dominate

14. Gametophyte-The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle • Non-vascular plants dominate Alternation of Generations

16. Nonvascular Plants Most primitive of all plants Seedless Produce spores Are very small in height Need water to reproduce sexually Crash Course-Non-Vascular Plants

17. Phylum Bryophyta Moss “pioneer plants” Rhizoid-a rootlike structure that anchors bryophytes

18. Phylum Bryophyta Peat Moss Major component of bogs in northern parts of the world Produces an acid that slows down decomposition in the swamp like bogs.

20. Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts

21. Phylum Anthocerophyta Hornworts

22. Vascular Plants Contain specialized conducting tissues that transport water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another. Vascular Plants

23. Seedless Vascular Plants Reproduce using spores Dominated the Earth until about 200 million years ago.

24. Phylum Psilophyta Whisk Ferns

25. Phylum Lycophyta Club Mosses

26. Phylum Sphenophyta Horsetails “Scouring rushes”

27. Phylum Pteridophyta Ferns Originated over 350 million years ago.

28. Phylum Pteridophyta Rhizome-Underground stem

29. Phylum Pteridophyta Fiddleheads-densely coiled new leaves Frond-mature fern leaves

30. Seed Plants All seed plants contain a seed containing an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat

31. Seed Plants Seed plants are the dominant land plants because the seeds they produce enable the plant to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth.

32. Gymnosperm “Naked seed” Seed plants with uncovered seeds. First land plants to evolve seeds Conifers produce cones to protect their seeds The tallest trees in the world

34. Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads

35. Phylum Ginkgophyta Gingko biloba Flourished during the time of the dinosaurs, but today only have one species “Living fossil”

36. Phylum Coniferophyta Important source of wood, paper, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees

37. Phylum Gnetophyta Ephedra Welwitschia

38. Phylum Anthrophyta Angiosperm “Enclosed seed” Characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit Fruit-ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds of angiosperms The primary purpose of the fruit is to disperse seeds. Ovary-female part of the flower that encloses the egg.

40. Cotyledon Cotyledons-part of a seed that provides food for the embryo.

41. Monocot Contains one cotyledon Parallel venation

42. Dicot Plant that has flower parts that occur in multiples of four or five Net Venation Contains two cotyledons

43. Essay Draw the Alternation of Generations cycle. Be sure to include which types of plants dominate during each stage.

44. Biology IChapter 29 Plant Cells and Tissues

45. Plant Tissue As plants grow, their cells become specialized for particular functions. Tissue patterns vary in each plant’s roots, stems, and leaves, and according to the plant’s stage of growth.

46. Plant Cells Plants have unique structures including a central vacuole, plastids, and a cell wall.

48. Biology IChapter 30 Plant Reproduction

49. Gymnosperm Reproduction

50. Angiosperm Reproduction Sepal-protects the outer part of a developing flower before it opens Petal-showy part of flower used for insect attraction Stamen-male reproductive structures Anther-contains pollen Filament-supports the anther