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Eire- Irlande- Ireland. The Rising of 1641 Cromwell’s Campaigns The Penal Laws. The Reformation and the new administration. In town and country the old elites had been ousted from political and economic power by the Reformation.
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Eire- Irlande- Ireland The Rising of 1641 Cromwell’s Campaigns The Penal Laws
The Reformation and the new administration In town and country the old elites had been ousted from political and economic power by the Reformation. The Elizabethan administration was the principal agency of the anglicisation of the new kingdom of Ireland. Resentment of the ‘old’ English in Leinster.
Orange- royal control Dissolution of religious houses Reformation
The Reformation and the new administration • Former Gaelic territories became shires, leading to English-style social and landholding structures. • Revolts by displaced Irish swordsmen in Munster. • New plantations began in 1550s
The Reformation and the new administration • By the time of a major rebellion in 1598 and during the Nine Years War, the number of settlersw was only about a third of that anticipated. • Avenging warbands and armies of Gaelic and “Old” English former landholders.
Plantations in Ireland c1550- English and Scottish Plantations in Ireland 16-17th cent. Jacobean plantations after 1608
The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601 • Hugh O’ Neill (Aodh O Neill) led the Ulster confederacy in 1595. • His choice: work with the English and head an English-style administration in Ulster and lose the support of the Gaelic leaders, or throw in his lot with the younger provincial leaders against the infiltration of their territories by English officials.
The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601 • He had a professionally-trained and well-equiped army. Many victories culminating in the Battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598. • Moved to other provinces and sought international military help. • Demanded liberty of conscience. • By 1600, the increased English involvement led to a decline in O’Neill’s victories.
The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601 • A Spanish fleet containing 3,500 troops arrived at Kinsale in 1601. • Battle on Christmas Eve 1601; Spanish remained in their base, and the Irish were defeated. • Retreat to Ulster, and signed a peace-treaty. • In time, in 1605, he left with his family and retainers and other Gaelic lords for the Continent.
Jacobean Plantations in Ulster • The plan became public in 1608. • The town of Derry was granted to the corporations of the City of London in 1613 as part of the Jacobean plantations. • It became in the process, Londonderry. • The native Ulstermen of Gaelic stock.
The Rising of 1641 A rising by Ulstermen led by Sir Phelim O’Neill seized Charlemont Castle. They described themselves as Irish royalists, and pushed south as far as Drogheda. A contingent from Europe of Irish ex-pats arrived. The war dragged on until 1643. The Irish civil war became part of the English civil war.
Oliver Cromwell • The execution of Charles I (1649). United the Irish royalists. • Cromwell’s confiscation of land (1652-57) • Drogheda and Waterford. • 1650s creation of Trinity College, Iriah parliament abolished with poor Irish representation in Westminster (London).
The Williamite Revolution James II 1685-88 Military triumph of William of OrangeAnti-Catholic laws. (73% of Ireland was catholic in 1731). • Jacobitism. • The Battle of the Boyne 1690 July 1st
Penal Laws 1697-1703 Anti-Catholic legislation served to secure political, economic and social ascendancy of Protestants in Ireland. Depriving Catholics of ecclesiastical leadership, and limiting the number of clergy in the country.
Penal Laws 1697-1703 Restriction of education for Catholics Carry arms Enter the major professions To own, lease and inherit land. Excluded from the political process until 1790s.
Eire- Irlande- Ireland The 1798 Rebellion Catholic Emancipation The Great Famine Decline of the Irish language
The Government of Ireland, 1692-1785 • A new Irish parliament in early 1690s. • Two chambers. • An exclusively Protestant assembly. (oath of adjuration) • Sat for approx six months every two years between 1692 and 1784. • Irish executive at Dublin Castle was not responsible to parliament. Lord Lieutenant.
1798 Rebellion Preceded by decades of sectarian hostility. United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone in a campaign to bring all in Ireland together and to break the connection with England. Most of the activity was in Ulster and Leinster. Attempts were made to bring the French into the military campaign. The rebellion was mainly in Ulster, the French arrived but rather late and the Crown forces won.
The United Irishmen • Reforming the representative system. • Catholics did have the franchise in 1793.(Catholic freeholders) • Revolutionary separatists • Alliance with the Catholic Defenders • Bantry Bay 1796. • Rebellion 1798- sought to declare a republic.
Catholic Emancipation Repeal between 1778-1792 of most of the penal laws. Still the prohibition of sitting in parliament. Act of Union 1800. Allowed the Protestant Ascendancy to remain in the majority. Royal opposition.
Daniel O’ Connell early 1820s ‘the liberator’
O’ Connell O’Connell emerged as a leader of Catholics, popular politicization. After his success in a parliamentary election, eventually Catholics were given the right to sit in Parliament. 1828 Campaign to repeal the Act of Union. Monster meetings 1843 Catholic clergy grew after 1860s.
Catholic clergy 3001 or more people per priest
19th century Catholic Church décor
Famine and emigration Between 1800-1845 there were 16 food crises. Population was declining after the peak in the 1700s. Emigration was grwoing by the 1840s. The fungal disease (Phytophthera infestans) arrived in 1845.
famine The blight spread rapidly, and 40% of the crop was destroyed. The blight returned during the three subsequent years. In all, one million died (40% from Connacht, 30% from Munster, 21 % from Ulster, 9% from Leinster).
Famine 1845-48 • The blight spread rapidly because of the wet harvest season, and 40% of the crop was destroyed. • Malnutrition and epidemic disease.
POST-FAMINE EMIGRATION GROWTH OF IRISH NATIONALISM SEPARATION 1916-1923 (EASTER RISING) Eire- Irlande- Ireland
Growth of Irish nationalism • Young Ireland Movement of 1840s • Charles Stewart Parnell • The Irish Party • Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians)
Growth of Irish Nationalism • Gaelic Athletic Association 1884 • Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League) 1893 • Irish literary renaissance • 1905- Sinn Fein- towards politcal independence
Land Reform (‘Land war’ 1879-82) • Transfering land from landowner to tenant. • 1881 Judicial power to fix rents (evictions), conversion of ordinary tenancies to fixed tenancies. • 1885 Land commission to lend to tenants to buy their holdings. (farms) • Home-rule bill 1885 • 1903-Wyndham’s Act-created the 20th century pattern of independent family farms. (buy-out landowner’s interests).
The Easter Rising 1916 • 40% of the male adult population served in the British Army during WWI. (1914-1918). • Many joined because they thought it would lead to Home Rule in Ireland. The Ulster Volunteer Force thought otherwise. • Radical nationalist opinion.
The Easter Rising 1916 • Lasted less than a week. Concentrated on the centre of Dublin. • Unconditional surrender by the leaders of the Rising on 29 April. • Padraig Pearse, James Connolly, Eamon De Valera. • Execution of the leaders
Eamon De Valera At the time Of the Easter Rising
Patrick Pearse (Padraig Mac Pearais)
First meeting of Dáil Eireann 1919
After the Easter Rising • The Volunteer movement became the Irish Republican Army, and in the political sphere Sinn Fein. Their success in the election of 1918. • Foundation of Dail Eireann in 1919. • Guerrilla war over the next two years (by IRA). (“Anglo-Irish War”) against British forces. • 1921 Arthur Griffiths and Michael Collins go to London and sign the ‘Treaty’.
