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Civil War

Civil War. Key terms : Reds, Whites, Civil War, Lenin, Trotsky . Objectives: To understand why Russia experienced Civil War . Recap . What significant event happened during. 1905. 1914. July 1917. March 1917. April 1917. October 1917. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

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Civil War

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  1. Civil War Key terms: Reds, Whites, Civil War, Lenin, Trotsky Objectives: To understand why Russia experienced Civil War.

  2. Recap What significant event happened during... 1905 1914 July 1917 March 1917 April 1917 October 1917

  3. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty to leave World War One • Lost 1 mill sq km of land • 50 million people • 27% farming land • Lost Ukraine, where Russia got most of it’s grain from • 74% iron ore and coal deposits • Had to pay 3 bill roubles

  4. What is a Civil War???

  5. Causes of the Civil War • Opposition forces unite to form the Whites – supported by foreign countries. • Increasing attacks/attempts to overthrow the Bolsheviks • several assassination attempts on Lenin • 50, 000 Czech prisoners of war take over the Trans Siberian Railway • Anger at the Treaty • Starvation meant growing opposition • National minorities seize opportunity to get independence

  6. Reds Vs Whites • Reds = Communist (Bolsheviks) • Whites = opponents (Tsarists and nobles, middle class constitutional democrats,) • Aims Stay in Power in order to build new Socialist society. Common aim to defeat the Communists Geographical factors • Held central area of west Russian – contained large industries. • Controlled railways. • Scattered around outer perimeter of communist controlled Moscow. • Communication difficulties. Leadership and unity • Trotsky – true leader and courageous • Special train • Lacked good leader to bring all the Whites together. • Lack of trust • Infighting within the armies

  7. Lets take a further look at the Civil War In pairs use the handouts 5 min

  8. Tuesday 29th November 2011 War Communism Key terms: War communism, NEP, Death of the Tsar Objectives: To understand the effects of the Civil War. To understand why the Bolsheviks won the war. Key Knowledge: REDS V WHITES

  9. War Communism War Communism was an economic policy introduced by Lenin to ensure food supplies to the army. • All large factories were taken over by the government. • Production was planned and organised by the government. • Discipline for workers was strict and strikers could be shot. • Peasants had to hand over surplus food to the government. If they didn’t they could be shot. • Food was rationed. Could only get a ration card if you were working. • Free enterprise became illegal – all production and trade was controlled by the state. • Money became worthless – wages ended up being paid in food.

  10. What were the consequences of War Communism?

  11. A young girl describes food shortages in Moscow, 1921. • “ Our staple diet when things were grim were potato peelings fried. One evening we found a large, black crow, frozen solid. Tousia, my sister, plucked it, cutting off its feet and its head…we now had the most magnificent chicken.”

  12. A Russian doctor,1921. • “ Sometimes a starving family eats the body of one of its junior members…sometimes parents at night take part of a body from the cemetery and feed it to their children.”

  13. THE RED TERROR • Following an assassination attempt on Lenin in 1918, a ‘RED TERROR’ was launched, using the Cheka. • Mass executions. • Middle and upper class targeted- automatically seen as disloyal. • 750,000 people murdered by the Cheka in the 3 years of Civil War.

  14. The Red Terror

  15. Execution of the Tsar and his Family • The Tsar and his family were in exile. • Posed a threat to Communism especially if they fell into the hands of the Whites. • On the night of 16th July 1918 the Tsar and his family along with their servants were shot in the cellar. • Bodies were buried in a nearby forest but undiscovered till 1991.

  16. The Kronstadt Mutiny – Memory exercise

  17. The New Economic Policy • Lenin realised he needed to change his policy to avoid disaster. • Peasants needed an incentive to produce more food – relax state control. • Capitalism and free markets brought back in • Bitter humiliation for communist supporters. The NEP stated that: The requisition of grain was ended. Peasants who grew surplus food could sell the surplus for a profit and pay 10% tax to the government on any profit made. Factories with fewer than 20 workers were returned to private ownership to be run for profit. Private enterprise was allowed. Anyone could set up a shop or business for profit. Vital industries such as coal, iron, steel, railways, shipping and finance stayed in State hands. But experts were brought in on higher salaries, and extra wages were paid for efficiency.

  18. Successes of the NEP • Once peasant and shopkeepers could work for profit, goods appeared for sale • New businesses and market stalls were set up – new class of people doing well, known as ‘NEP men’ • Government kept control of the largest industries. • 1926-27 production had increased to pre-1914 levels • Helped stabilise the country and bring peace, particularly significant in the countryside where peasants disturbances became a thing of the past

  19. The Death of Lenin • In May 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke which was followed by two further strokes in December 1922 and March 1923. • He was no longer able to play an active role in political life. • Lenin died on 21st January 1924.

  20. NO Homework – taking in books • Hot seating

  21. Trotsky Facebook Page • Use the information sheets to create a facebook page for Trotsky. • Include: • His full Name • Date he was born • Family • Friends/ colleagues • Interests • Occupation • Contact information ( where he lived) • Recent activity

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