Specialization

1. Specialization • Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system. • Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things. Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms Living Things Eukaryotes organelles Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic) cells --- > organelles tissues organs organ systems

2. Specialization: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes • How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? • Single click on the link below to find out. Learn Biology: Cells—Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells

3. Example of a Prokaryote:BacteriaHow are bacteria specialized to infect other living things?

4. Specialization • Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system. • Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things. Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms Living Things Eukaryotes organelles Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic) cells --- > organelles tissues organs organ systems

5. Specialization: Eukaryotic Cells • Cells have organelles that are specialized to perform certain functions • This is true whether a cell is a unicellular organism or it is part of a multi-cellular organism • This is true in both plant and animal cells

6. Organelles What are the functions of each of these cell parts? Cell Membrane Cyroplasm Nucleus

7. Watch the video below and determine the function of each of the following cell parts:mitochondria ribosome endoplasmic reticulum Golgi bodylysosome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IqsE8CVTms

8. Specialization: Unicellular Organisms Single celled organisms not only contain the standard organelles, but might also be specialized in other ways. What function do the cilia in the paramecium and the flagella in the euglena serve? Observe the movement of an amoeba. How is its cell membrane specialized to aid in this movement? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA&feature=fvwrel

9. Specialization • Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system. • Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things. Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms Living Things Eukaryotes organelles Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic) cells --- > organelles tissues organs organ systems

10. Specialization: Multicellular Organisms Multicellular organisms are not only specialized with individual cell, but also group together cells to form tissues, organs, and organ system to carry out life functions.

11. The Circulatory SystemThe job of the circulatory system is to move bloodthrough the body. It carriesoxygen and nutrients to cellsand organs and returns waste products.

12. Circulatory System – The Heart Organ What is the specialized function of the heart? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDL_ufFxvEE

13. The Heart – Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is made up of muscle cells that work together to expand and contract in order to pump blood through the body. How does the shape of the cells allow for the tissue to function this way?

14. Blood Cells Blood cells are pumped Through the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to organs and removing waste From them. How does the shape of blood cells allow them to travel through the body and carry out their job?  http://www.myvideo.de/watch/7439400/blood_circulation_in_the_human_body

15. Other Specialized Cells in Human This is a picture of a nerve cell. What is the function of a nerve cell? How does its shape aid in its function?

16. Other Specialized Cells in Human This is a picture of a sperm cell. What is the function of a sperm cell? How does its shape aid in its function?

17. Other Specialized Cells in Human These are pictures of skin cells working together as tissue What is the function of skin cells? How does its shape aid in its function?

18. Review of Specialization in Humanswatch this video and ponder how complex life really is........ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow0jH2Eg8v4

19. Specialization in Plants All multicellular organisms have specialized systems, organ, tissues and cells? What major jobs do each of the following plant parts Have? Roots Stems Leaves Flowers

20. Leaf Cross Section The top and bottom of the leaf are covered with “epidermal” cells. Why? The upper part of the leaf (the palisade layer) is loaded with cells that are packed with chloroplasts – why?

21. Stomata and Guard Cells The underside of a leaf contains specialized cells called “guard cells” that cause the opening and closing of pores called “stomata”. Speculate why these pores open and close.

22. Use the diagram below to help you explain how the stoma opens and closes.

23. Specialization • Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system. • Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things. Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms Living Things Eukaryotes organelles Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic) cells --- > organelles tissues organs organ systems

24. Summary • Write a 4 – 6 sentence summary explaining how and why specialization occurs in single and multicellular organisms.