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CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6. Launching the New Nation. CHAPTER 6. Section 1 – Washington Heads the New Government. Washington at the Helm. George Washington, commanding general of Continental Army during Revolution , unanimous choice to be the first president

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CHAPTER 6

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  1. CHAPTER 6 Launching the New Nation

  2. CHAPTER 6 Section 1 – Washington Heads the New Government

  3. Washington at the Helm • George Washington, commanding general of Continental Army during Revolution, unanimous choice to be the first president • Constitution provided strong foundation, but lacked details • Washington and his admin. would have to figure out a lot on their own • Needed to figure how to… 1. Raise $ and manage economy 2. Provide for defense 3. Set up a court system • Set many important precedents

  4. Washington’s Cabinet • In 1789 Congress created the first four executive departments • The heads of each of these departments made up the first cabinet – a group of advisors to the president • Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of War Henry Knox • Attorney General Edmund Randolph Alexander Hamilton

  5. Creating the Courts • Constitution said little about the structure of the judicial branch • Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 to establish structure of the courts • Established three levels of the Federal Judiciary - Supreme Court - Federal Courts of Appeals - Federal District Court • Supreme Court included 6 justices including a Chief Justice (today it is 9 justices) • West v. Barnes - 1791 President Chart John Jay 1st Chief Justice of Supreme Court

  6. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • U.S. incurred millions of $ of debt from Revolution – some to other countries, some to U.S. citizens (bonds) • Hamilton’s Plan Calls For... 1. Fed. government to assume individual state debts 2. Bonds to be repaid in full by National government 3. National Bank • Many in South opposed plan – felt it favored the North • Northern and southern states strike a deal – Hamilton’s plan passes and capital moves to Washington D.C.

  7. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Debate over Hamilton’s plan led to rift in Washington’s cabinet, formation of first political parties • Hamilton and supporters of plan become Federalists, Jefferson and opponents of plan become Democratic-Republicans • Biggest divide over National Bank proposal • Federalists believe Elastic Clause (Art. I Sec. 8) gives Congress power to create bank – “loose” interpretation of Constitution • Dem-Rep oppose bank, believe in “strict” interpretation

  8. The Whiskey Rebellion • In 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress • Western farmers were outraged by the tax, and in 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania • Washington sent in 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion • Demonstrates the ability of the new government to enforce federal law

  9. Democratic Republicans Federalists • Believed in strong central government • Economy based on business/industry • Loose interpretation of Constitution • Led by Hamilton, John Adams • Most from Northeast • Bankers, artisans, merchants • Supported English • Believed in states’ rights • Economy based on farming – agrarianism • Strict interpretation of Constitution • Led by Jefferson, Madison • Most from South and West • Farmers • Support French

  10. Hamiltonian vs. Jeffersonian Manufacturing Nation Trinity Church New York, NY Citizen Farmer Monticello Charlottesville, VA

  11. Washington’s Foreign Policy • French Revolution begins in 1789 • Radicals gain control, Britain and France go to war again in 1792 • Washington issues proclamation of neutrality Presidents Chart

  12. Jay’s Treaty • Britain began seizing American ships, inciting Native Americans • Washington sends John Jay to Britain in attempt to avoid war • GB removed troops in NW Terr., settled border disputes – no discussion of impressment or innocent bystanders during war • Republicans unhappy with treaty, but Washington ratifies – prevents war with GB

  13. Conflict with Native Americans • Indian Confederacy forms in Northwest Territory led by Chief Little Turtle • Washington sends Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne to put down resistance • Wayne defeats Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in southern Ohio • Ended resistance in Northwest Territory Presidents Chart

  14. Election of 1796 • After 2 terms, Washington decides step down and retire • In his famous Farewell Address to the American people, he warns against sectionalism, political parties, and foreign alliances Presidents Chart

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