Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) SGO1910 & SGO4930 Fall Semester 2006

1. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)SGO1910 & SGO4930 Fall Semester 2006 Lecturer: Karen O’Brien (karen.obrien@sgeo.uio.no) Lab Instructor: Hallvard Berge (hallvb@student.sv.uio.no)

2. http://www.workingdogweb.com/Paleolithic.htm • http://www.srrb.nt.ca/projects/cmapping/maps.html

3. http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/south-africa9.html

6. Google Earth • Offers maps and satellite images for complex or pinpointed regional searches. • Fly from space to your neighborhood. • Type in an address and zoom right in.   • Search for schools, parks, restaurants, and hotels. • Get driving directions.  • Tilt and rotate the view to see 3D terrain and buildings.  • Save and share your searches and favorites. • Add your own annotations.

9. Course Objectives • To provide students with a basic understanding of geographic information science; • To provide students with practical experience in using ArcGIS software; • To apply both theory and practice in a research project (”Oslo project”).

10. Readings: • Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., and D. W. Rhind. 2001. Geographic Information Systems and Science. Second Edition. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 517 pp. • Chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18

11. Grading • 30% Two mid-term quizzes (Week 39 & Week 44) • 30% Final Project • 40% Final Exam

12. Lab Assignments • Submitted on your own home page • Due dates: All labs must be completed before the final exam. • Labs will not be graded, but they will be spot checked, and you are required to complete all labs (one will be excused)

13. GIS Labs • ArcGIS 9.0 (GIS) • Excel (data base files) • NVu (web pages) • Adobe Photoshop (sizing maps and pictures) • WinZip (decompressing files)

14. Mid-term quizzes • Each quiz has 25 questions • Multiple choice, true-false questions based on readings and lectures • 45 minutes to complete the quiz

15. Project • Identify a problem or question to address related to Oslo; • Collect and edit data; • Use GIS to map and analyze data; • Present results in a written report. *(masters students may choose to write a paper relating GIS to a research theme) Due: December 15, 2006

16. Final Exam • December 1, 2006, 09.00-12.00  (3 hours) • Essays, short answer, multiple choice, true-false • Based on lectures, readings, and labs

17. Questions • Office hours by appointment • Lab assistance: to be announced

18. Why take this course? • GIS is a useful tool with a wide range of applications; • GIS is a skill that is in demand, with a growing market; • Geographers have numerous advantages related to GIS; • GIS is challenging (but fun!)

20. What is a GIS? • A computer system capable of holding and using data describing places on the earth’s surface. • An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.

21. Software People Data Network Procedures Hardware Geographic Information System • Organized collection of • Hardware • Software • Network • Data • People • Procedures

22. ”A GIS by any other name” • Land Information System • Delivery Routing System • Emergency Response System • Disaster Planning System • Crime Monitoring System • Real Estate ”Homefinder” System

26. Why is GIS Important? • Provides a consistent framework for integrating spatial and other kinds of information within a single system (ideal for interdisciplinary work). • Permits manipulation and display of geographical (digital) data in new ways. • Makes connections between activities based on geographic location.

27. What can a GIS do? • Location (Where is it...) • Condition (What is it...) • Trend (What has changed...) • Pattern (What is the pattern...) • Routing (Which is the ’best’ way ...) • Modeling (What if...)

28. A Brief History of GIS • GIS’s origins lie in thematic cartography. • Many planners used the method of map overlay using manual techniques. • Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook. • HcHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for site selection in Design with Nature.

29. Map Overlay

30. A Brief History of GIS (cont.) • The 1960s saw many new forms of geographic data and mapping software. • Computer cartography developed the first basic GIS concepts during the late 1950s and 1960s. • Linked software modules, rather than stand-alone programs, preceded GISs. • The Harvard University ODYSSEY system was influential due to its topological arc-node (vector) data structure.

31. A Brief History of GIS (cont.) • GIS was significantly altered by (1) the PC and (2) the workstation. • User Interface developments led to GIS's vastly improved ease of use during the 1990s. • During the 1990s, new GIS software could better exploit more advanced hardware. • So far in the 2000s: • Internet becomes major deliver vehicle for GIS • More than 1 million active users of GIS • GIS is linking to other technologies (e.g. mobile phones, palmtops, etc.)

33. Late 1970s http://www.acme.com/jef/punch_cards/ 1970s

35. Interest in GIS is Rising • Applications via Internet • Price reductions • Greater awareness • Improved ease of use • Better technology • Proliferation of data • Commercial software packages • Real applications • Proven cost:benefit cases

36. Business of GIS • GIS industry is worth over $7 billion • Software • Data • Services • Publishing • Education

37. GISystems, GIScience and GIStudies • GISystems • Emphasis on technology and tools • GIScience • Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies • Spatial analysis • Map projections • Accuracy • Scientific visualization • GIStudies • Systematic study of the use of geographic information

38. Sources of Information on GIS • The amount of information available about GIS can be overwhelming. • Sources of GIS information include journals and magazines, books, professional societies, the World Wide Web, and conferences. • GIS has Web Home pages, network conference groups, professional organizations, and user groups. • Most colleges and universities now offer GIS classes in geography departments.

39. GIS Resources: Conferences

40. GIS Konferans: Oslo Plaza 1.-3. februar 2006 • Norsk ESRI brukerkonferanse 2007Den 18. norske ESRI brukerkonferansen går av stabelen i februar 2006. Konferansen byr på en rekke foredrag, tekniske minikurs, bransjeseminar og sosiale aktiviteter. Vi ser frem til spennende dager sammen med deg! Påmelding og mer informasjon kommer senere. • Pris: 150 NOK ( dagsbesøk) • See http://www.geodata.no/

41. GIS Resources: Glossies

42. Major GIS-Only Journals • International Journal of Geographical Information Systems • Geographical Systems • Transactions in GIS • Geo Info Systems • GIS World

43. Specialty Journals • Business Geographics • GIS Law • GIS Asia/Pacific • GIS World Report/CANADA • GIS Europe

44. Regular GIS Papers • Annals of the Association of American Geographers • Cartographica • Cartography and GIS • Computer; Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems • Computers and Geosciences • IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications • Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing

45. Occasional GIS papers • Cartographic Perspectives • Cartographica • Journal of Cartography • Geocarto International • IEEE Geosciences • International Journal of Remote Sensing • Landscape Ecology • Remote Sensing Review • Mapping Science and Remote Sensing • Infoworld

46. Popular Distribution Magazines • Business Geographics • Geo Info Systems • GIS Law • GIS World • GPS World • GEODATA

47. Summary • Geographic problems usually involve location. • GIS – A special class of information systems that keep track of events, activities and things, but also where these events, activities, or things happen or exist. • The difference between GIS and basic mapping and spreadsheet programs lies in its ability to handle spatial data.

49. How do I use GIS? • Global Environmental Change • Vulnerability, adaptive capacity, human security • GIS as a tool for assessing uneven outcomes; Who are the winners and losers from global change?

50. GIS and Quantitative Analysis:Vulnerability to climate change and economic changes in Indian agriculture