PA Remediation

1. PA Remediation Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04

2. Organic Compounds

3. Organic Compounds

4. Which of the following macromolecules found in animal tissues functions to insulate and help animals conserve heat? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbon is important to living things because: It metabolizes easily, creating a quick energy source It is abundant on the Earth’s surface It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms It has 12 protons and neutrons Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to: DNA Polypeptides Proteins Carbohydrates When Lugols turns dark blue to black in color, it is an indicator for the presence of what compound? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

5. Enzymes • Enzymes are • proteins • used to speed up reactions. (catalyst) • specific to the reactions they catalyze. • reusable.

6. Enzymes • What effects them and how? • Temperature • Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold usually • pH • Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic usually • Concentration • As concentration increases so does reaction rate

7. What are enzymes? Catalysts used by living things Catalysts used in all reactions Chemicals used to increase activation energy Fats used by living things to help speed up chemical reactions How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction? It increases the amount of product formed It decreases the amount of product formed It increases the activation energy It decreases the activation energy. One enzyme can facilitate the reaction of many substrate molecules. Why does an enzyme have this ability? Enzymes are super charged. Enzymes are reusable. Enzymes are made from proteins. Enzymes are disassociated. The graph shows that temperature Has no affect on enzyme activity Has an optimum where the enzyme works best Can denature the enzyme Both B and C are correct

8. The Cell Theory States That all Living Organisms Are: • Made of one or more cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function • Cell come only from pre-existing cells

9. Cells

10. Cells

11. Kind of Cell?

12. Plant Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large vacuoles Animal Centrioles Lysosomes Plants vs. Animal

13. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles Chromatin Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Flagella/cilia Nucleus and membrane bound organelles Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Flagella/cilia Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic

15. Hierarchy of Cell Organization • Organic compounds • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems

16. Cell CommunicationCells communicate in a variety of ways….. • Direct contact through cytoplasmic bridges between the cells • They share cytoplasm and its contents • Chemical signals • Chemical signals are released from one cell and travel to another cell • These signals influence the activity of the second cell • Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.

17. The mitochondrion of the cell: Has only one membrane Has no membrane Is circular Is where cellular respiration occurs Ribosomes: Are the site of protein synthesis Are made by other ribosomes Have their own DNA None of the above A(n) ________ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function. Organ system Organ Cell Organelle Structures that support and give shape to plant cells are: Microbodies Golgi bodies Nucleus Cell walls

18. Which of the following is part of the cell theory? All cells: Are eukaryotic Are prokaryotic Have nuclei Come from other cells The storage of hereditary information in a eukaryotic cell is in the: Cytoplasm Nucleus Centrioles Lysosomes