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CHAPTER 15 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. SECTION 1 THE AGE OF INVENTION. INDUSTRIAL INNOVATIONS. Second Industrial Revolution – 1865-1905 Began with inventions and innovations Changed everyday life for Americans. So, What Changed?. Focus shifted from agriculture to industry Fueled by:
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CHAPTER 15THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SECTION 1 THE AGE OF INVENTION
INDUSTRIAL INNOVATIONS • Second Industrial Revolution – 1865-1905 • Began with inventions and innovations • Changed everyday life for Americans
So, What Changed? • Focus shifted from agriculture to industry • Fueled by: • Capitalism • New Inventions • Captains of Industry • Cheap labor
STEEL • Invented by: • Henry Bessemer (GB) & William Kelly (US) • Effect: • Bessemer process • New, more effective method of producing steel • Production increased from 15,000 tons in 1865 to 28 million tons by 1910 • Other notes: • Used to build railroads, bridges and larger buildings (skyscrapers), everyday items • Cities in Midwest become industrial centers
OIL • Invented by: Edwin L. Drake • Effect: • Could be used to make kerosene for lamps or fuel • Created another “gold rush”-type situation in PA, OH and WV • Texas oil boom began at Spindletop near Beaumont in 1901 • Terms/People • Wildcatters – oil prospectors • “Black gold” – nickname for oil, also “Texas tea” • Patent – protection for an inventor’s rights
Technology and Travel • By 1900, Electric streetcars or trolleys powered by overhead electrical wires replaced horse-drawn streetcars • First subway opened in Boston – 1897 • Automobiles (Duryea brothers), 1893 • Airplanes (Wright brothers), 1903
RAILROAD • Invented/Improved by: George Westinghouse, George Pullman, Cornelius Vanderbilt, et al • Effect: • Railroad lines went national instead of small, local lines (17 line changes btw. NYC and Chicago in 1860) • Increased western expansion and urban growth • Huge economic impact spurred growth of other industries directly and indirectly • Led to creation of time zones • Trunk lines and feeder lines
The Era of the Railroad • Civil War proved how important railroads were becoming. • 1862: Congress charters two transcontinental rail lines. (by 1890 167,000 miles) • Along with railroad expansion came increased telegraph service. • Growth of railroads triggered a revolution in the iron and steel industry. • The demand for steel created the demand for coal.
The Transcontinental Railroad • In 1869, the east and west rails met in Promontory, Utah built by immigrants. Marked a significant moment in American socio-economic history. • What were some of the intended consequences? • Improve commerce, populate distant lands, encourage expansion, unite the nation, • What were some of the unintended consequences? • Effect on Native Americans, influx of immigrant workers Andrew J. Russell, JOINING THE TRACKS FOR THE FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD, PROMONTORY, UTAH, TERR.(1869). Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration.
HORSELESS CARRIAGE • Invented/Improved by: Duryea brothers (1893) • Effect: • Became a mode of transportation, mostly for wealthy in early stages • Quickly developed into a sizeable industry, later evolved into automobiles
AIRPLANES • Invented/Improved by: Orville & Wilbur Wright • Effect: • Received little public attention at first, later used in World War I and then commercial air travel • Combined glider designs with a gas engine • Originally used a propeller, jet engines developed during and after WWII • Other Notes: • First flight – December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC; lasted 12 seconds and went 120 feet
TELEGRAPH • Invented/Improved by: Samuel F.B. Morse • Effect: • People could send messages or business orders to distant locations within minutes • Telegraphs usually developed along with railroads • Sent information for businesses, government, newspapers and private citizens • Other Notes: • Morse Code – system of dots and dashes for sending messages through electric wires • Western Union – leading company had over 2,000 offices by 1866
TELEPHONE • Invented/Improved by: • Alexander Graham Bell • Effect: • Quickly became indispensable for people and businesses • By end of 1880s, more than 1 million telephones installed in USA • Women took jobs as operators connecting calls
TYPEWRITER • Invented by: Christopher Sholes in 1867 • Effect: • Allowed people to easily produce legible documents • Women took jobs as typists • Led to invention of carbon paper • Sholes sold patent to Remington Company in 1873 • Other Notes: • Keyboard developed by Sholes still in use today with a few changes
THOMAS EDISON • “Wizard of Menlo Park” • Born in Ohio in 1847 • Had little formal education • Moved around a lot as a young adult • First inventions – electric vote recorder and telegraphic stock ticker in 1869 • Received almost 1,100 patents • Moved from Newark to Menlo Park in 1876, then to West Orange in 1887 • Work was a team effort, employed more than 10,000 people during World War I
THOMAS EDISON • Invention: Phonograph (record player) – 1877 • Effect: • Allowed people to record and play back sounds including letters, music and much more • Other Notes: • Edison actually stopped work on phonograph for several years to concentrate on light bulb
THOMAS EDISON • Invention: Incandescent light bulb (1879) • Effect: • Original filament was made of bamboo fiber and lasted 600 hours (eventually upgraded to tungsten) • Allowed people to light up indoors and later outdoors
THOMAS EDISON • Invention: Electric Power Plant (1882) • Effect: • Delivered electricity by direct current (DC) to neighboring homes and businesses in New York City • Electric lights replace gaslights, electric streetcars • Improvements: • Alternating current (AC) transformer – developed by Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla • Other Notes: • White City – display of outdoor lights at 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago
THOMAS EDISON • Invention: Motion pictures (1893) • Effect: • Began what is now a multi-billion dollar and worldwide business • Other Notes: • Black Maria – first motion picture studio – named after police wagons of the time • The Great Train Robbery (1903) – first narrative movie – 14 scenes, about 10 minutes
Changes in Production • Mass production of goods • Sped up manufacturing = increasing quantity of goods produced. • Increased investor’s profits. • Increased demand for unskilled labor. • Increased demand for raw materials. • Resulted in lower prices on goods for the consumer.
CHAPTER 15THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SECTION 2 THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS
Reasons for the Rise as an Industrial Giant The spread of railroads New Inventions Capitalism Captains of Industry Cheap labor
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • Capitalism – • Industry controlled by private business, competition determines costs and wages • Entrepreneurs • Laissez-faire economics – no government intervention in the economy • Communism (also called Marxism) • Definition – community owns all property and means of production • Karl Marx – believed the rich took advantage of working class • Social Darwinism – “Survival of the Fittest”
TYPES OF OWNERSHIP • Traditional forms of ownership • New form of ownership – Corporations • Organizers raise money by selling shares of stock • Advantages of corporations • Raise more $$, limited liability, more stability • Disadvantages of corporations • Wild swings in prices • Trust – several companies work as one to set prices and control competition • Monopoly – See next page • Holding company – does nothing but buy out other companies
Monopolies Companies that controlled all the business in an industry in order to eliminate the competition and then raise its own prices. $ X Competition
BARONS OF BIG BUSINESS The People who controlled these monopolies are: Andrew Carnegie – Steel John D. Rockefeller – Oil Cornelius Vanderbilt, George Westinghouse, and George Pullman - Railroads
Captains of Industry How did the captains of industry create and maintain control of United States industry?
What is a Captain of Industry?! A business leader whose way of achieving personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way. Providing Jobs This can be through: Increasing Production Philanthropy
Someone who makes large charitable donations ($$) to improve the well-being of others. What is a Philanthropist?! Schools/ Universities This is often to: Hospitals/ Medicine Libraries
A business man who dominated their industry and made huge fortunes through unfair business practices. What is a Robber Baron?! This was done by: Holding all of the power in their company Sometimes used illegal business practices Eliminating smaller/weaker businesses
Andrew Carnegie: Controlled the steel Industry Sold Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan for $500 mil in 1901.
Andrew Carnegie: Used vertical integration to be successful. Vertical Integration = Owning all aspects of production for a certain product. As a result the owner makes all the profit (money). Gospel of Wealth – Carnegie’s belief that the rich were morally obligated to help others
John D. Rockefeller Owned the Standard Oil Trust • Had a reputation as a Robber Baron
John D. Rockefeller Tried to control all businesses in the oil industry • Gave away more than $500 million during his lifetime
“The only time I ever saw John Rockefeller enthusiastic was when a report came in from the creek that his buyer had secured a cargo of oil at a figure much below the market price. He hounded from his chair with a shout of joy, danced up and down, hugged me, threw up his hat, acted so like a mad man that I have never forgotten it . . .”
Cornelius Vanderbilt Built a huge railroad empire through ruthless business tactics • Had a reputation as a robber baron
Cornelius Vanderbilt Left $1 million to Vanderbilt University after his death. He is the 2nd wealthiest person in U.S. History
RAILROAD GIANTS • George Westinghouse • George Pullman • Company town – Pullman built a town next to his factory in the 1880s that allowed him to strictly control daily lives of employees, in and out of work
MASS MARKETING • Marketing products • Use of brand names and packaging • Ads in magazines, newspapers and billboards • Helped create a new age of consumerism in the U.S. • New ways to shop • Department stores • Chain stores