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FLASHCARDS (1.1)

FLASHCARDS (1.1). c hemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry. s tudy of matter and changes it undergoes s tudy of carbon-containing material Study of non-organic substances s tudy of properties & changes of matter and their relation to energy. FLASHCARDS (1.1).

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FLASHCARDS (1.1)

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  1. FLASHCARDS (1.1) • chemistry • Organic Chemistry • Inorganic Chemistry • PhysicalChemistry • study of matter and changes it undergoes • study of carbon-containing material • Study of non-organic substances • study of properties & changes of matter and their relation to energy

  2. FLASHCARDS (1.1) • Analytical Chemistry • Biochemistry • Theoretical Chemistry • ID of components & composition of materials • study of processes in living things • Use of math and computers

  3. FLASHCARDS (1.1) • chemical • basic research • applied research • technological development • any substance with a definite composition • research done to increase knowledge • research done to solve a particular problem • production / use of products that improve quality of life

  4. FLASHCARDS (1.2) • mass • matter • atom • element • amount of matter • Anything that has mass & takes up space • Smallest unit of an element • Pure substance that can’t be broken down

  5. FLASHCARDS (1.2) • Compound • Extensive properties • Intensive properties • Pure substance of 2 or more elements - can be broken down by chemical process • Properties that depend on the amount of matter • Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present

  6. FLASHCARDS (1.2) • Physical property • Physical change • solid • Characteristics that can be observed/measured • Change that does not change the identity • Definite volume & definite shape (particles vibrate in fixed positions)

  7. FLASHCARDS (1.2) • liquid • gas • plasma • Definite volume & indefinite shape (particles close together but not fixed) • Indefinite volume & indefinite shape (fast-moving particles that spread out) • High temperature state where atoms lose electrons

  8. FLASHCARDS (1.2) • Homogeneous mixture • Heterogeneous mixture • 4 ways to separate mixtures • Mixture that is uniform in composition (also called a solution) • Mixture that is not uniform throughout • Filtration, vaporization, separation and paper chromatography

  9. FLASHCARDS (1.2) • chemical property • chemical change • Law of conservation of energy • Property that relates to substance’s ability to change into a new substance. • When one substance becomes a different substance • Energy cannot be created or destroyed (can be absorbed or released

  10. FLASHCARDS (2.1) • a logical approach to solving problems • observing & collecting data • formulating hypotheses • testing hypotheses • formulating theories that are supported by data • publishing results • Scientific method • Scientific method steps

  11. FLASHCARDS (2.1) • use of the senses to obtain information • quantitative or qualitative • descriptive • numerical (measuring) • Observing • Data types • Qualitative • Quantitative

  12. FLASHCARDS (2.1) • Hypothesis • Model • System • Theory • Testable statement • Representation to show system or concept • Set of components for study • Broad generalization that explains facts

  13. FLASHCARDS (2.2) • Columns of elements with similar chemical properties. • Rows of elements with somewhat similar physical and chemical properties across row • Group 18, very stable and unreactive • Group/family • Period • Noble gases

  14. FLASHCARD (2.2) • quantity • SI • Volume • Weight • Measurement with number and unit • System of measurement used in science • Measure of region in three-dimensional space • Measure of gravity on matter

  15. FLASHCARDS (2.2) Vocabulary • Used to convert from one unit to another. • Ratio of mass to volume • Square meter (area)and cubic meter (volume) • conversion factor • density • derived unit

  16. FLASHCARDS (2.3) • Tend to be shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors. • Tend to be brittle and poor conductors (includes noble gases) • Semiconductors between metals & nonmetals. • Metal • Nonmetal • Metalloid

  17. FLASHCARDS (2.3) • Accuracy • Precision • Direct proportion • Measure of how close a measurement is to the actual value • Measure of how reproducible • Two quantities that yield constant value when divided by each other

  18. FLASHCARDS (2.3) • inverse proportion • percentage error • Two quantities that yield a constant when multiplied by each other • Difference between the experimental and the accepted value that is divided by the accepted value then multiplied by 100

  19. FLASHCARDS (2.3) • scientific notation • significant figure • M x 10nin which M is > or = to 1 but less than 10 and n is an integer • All digits known with certainty plus one final (uncertain) digit

  20. FLASHCARDS (3.1) • the law that states • that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes • a chemical compound always contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by weight or mass • when two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the mass of one element that combines with a given mass of the other is in the ratio of small whole numbers • LAW OF • CONSERVATION OF MASS • DEFINITE PROPORTIONS • MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

  21. FLASHCARDS (3.2) • the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element; atomic radii = 40-270 pm • the interaction that binds protons and neutrons, protons and protons, and neutrons and neutrons together in a nucleus • Protons (+), neutrons (no charge); nuclei radii = @0.001pm • ATOM • NUCLEAR FORCES • ATOMIC NUCLEI

  22. FLASHCARDS (3.3) • a unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or molecule; it is exactly 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom with mass number 12 (symbol, amu) • the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element • the weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element • ATOMIC MASS UNIT • ATOMIC NUMBER • AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

  23. FLASHCARDS (3.3) • 6.02 X 1023 particles • an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) • the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom • AVOGADRO’S NUMBER • ISOTOPE • MASS NUMBER

  24. FLASHCARDS (3.3) • the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance • the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 • an atom that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus • MOLAR MASS • MOLE • NUCLIDE

  25. FLASHCARDS (4.1) • radiation associated with an electric and magnetic field; speed of light • All frequencies & wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation • diagram or graph that shows how much radiant energy a substance emits with respect to wavelength • uninterrupted broad band of all colors (wavelengths) emitted by incandescent solids • Electromagnetic Radiation • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Emission-Line Spectrum • Continuous Spectrum

  26. FLASHCARDS (4.1) • a state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state • the lowest energy state of a quantized system • the emission of electrons from a material when light of certain frequencies shines on the surface of the material • Excited state • Ground state • Photoelectric effect

  27. FLASHCARDS (4.1) • the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave • the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time • the basic unit of electromagnetic energy • a unit of quantum of light • Wavelength • Frequency • Quantum • Photon

  28. FLASHCARDS (4.2) • the principle that states that determining both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle simultaneously is impossible • a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons • Heisenberg uncertainty principal • Orbital

  29. FLASHCARDS (4.2) • the study of the structure and behavior of the atom and of subatomic particles from the view that all energy comes in tiny, indivisible bundles • a number that specifies the properties of electrons • Quantum theory • Quantum number

  30. FLASHCARDS (4.2) • the quantum number that indicates the energy and orbital of an electron in an atom • the quantum number that indicates the shape of an orbital • Principal quantum number • Angular Momentum Quantum Number

  31. FLASHCARDS (4.2) • the quantum number that corresponds to the alignment of the angular momentum component with a magnetic field • the quantum number that describes the intrinsic angular movement of a particle • Magnetic quantum number • Spin quantum number

  32. FLASHCARDS (4.3) • the arrangement of electrons in an atom • the principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy orbital that is available • Electron Configuration • Aufbau Principle

  33. FLASHCARDS (4.3) • the principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy state • the rule that states that for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electrons is the maximum possible and these unpaired electrons have the same spin • Pauli exclusion principle • Hund’s rule

  34. FLASHCARDS (4.3) • one of the elements of Group 18 of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive • an outer main energy level fully occupied, in most cases, by eight electrons • Noble gas • Noble gas configuration

  35. FLASHCARDS (5) • the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements • an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers such that elements with similar properties fall in the same column, or group • Periodic law • Periodic table

  36. FLASHCARDS (5) • a member of the rare-earth series of elements, whose atomic numbers range from 58 (cerium) to 71 (lutetium) • any of the elements of the actinide series, which have atomic numbers from 89 (actinium, Ac) through 103 (lawrencium, Lr) • Lanthanide • Actinide

  37. FLASHCARDS (5) • one of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) • one of the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) • Alkali metal • Alkaline-earth metal

  38. FLASHCARDS (5) • one of the metals that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell to bond • an element in the s-block or p-block of the periodic table • one of the elements of Group 17 of the periodic table (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine); halogens combine with most metals to form salts • Transition element • Main-group element • halogen

  39. FLASHCARDS (5) • one-half of the distance between the center of identical atoms that are not bonded together • an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge • the process of adding or removing electrons from an atom or molecule, which gives the atom or molecule a net charge • Atomic radius • Ion • Ionization

  40. FLASHCARDS (5) • the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion (abbreviation, IE) • the energy needed to remove an electron from a negative ion to form a neutral atom or molecule • an ion that has a positive charge • Ionization energy, IE • Electron affinity • cation

  41. FLASHCARDS (5) • an ion that has a negative charge • an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties • a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons • Anion • Valence electron • electronegativity

  42. FLASHCARDS (6.1) • the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together • the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another • a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons • Chemical bond • Ionic bonding • Covalent bonding

  43. FLASHCARDS (6.1) • a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms • describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated • a covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is held more closely by one atom • Nonpolar covalent bond • Polar • Polar covalent bond

  44. FLASHCARDS (6.2) • the energy required to break the bonds in 1 mol of a chemical compound • a combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance • a bond in which the atoms share more than one pair of electrons, such as a double bond or a triple bond • Bond energy • Chemical formula • Multiple bond

  45. FLASHCARDS (6.2) • A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules • a chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms • a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a substance's chemical properties • Molecular compound • Molecular formula • Molecule

  46. FLASHCARDS (6.2) • Electron configuration notation in which only the valence electrons of an atom are placed around the element’s symbol. • Structural formulas where electrons are represented by dots • Electron-dot notation • Lewis structure

  47. FLASHCARDS (6.2) • a phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency • a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons • a formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule and that indicates the number and location of chemical bonds • Resonance • Single bond • Structural formula

  48. FLASHCARDS (6.3) • a compound composed of ions bound together by electrostatic attraction • the energy associated with constructing a crystal lattice relative to the energy of all constituent atoms separated by infinite distances • the collection of atoms corresponding to an ionic compounds formula such that the molar mass of the compound is the same as the mass of 1 mol of formula units • an ion made of two or more atoms • Ionic compound • Lattice energy • Formula unit • Polyatomic ion

  49. FLASHCARDS (6.4) • the ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into a sheet • a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them • the ability of a substance to be hammered thin or drawn out into a wire • Malleability • Metallic bond • Ductility

  50. FLASHCARDS (6.5) • orbitals that have the properties to explain the geometry of chemical bonds between atoms • States that repulsion between the sets of valence-level eletrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possible • a molecule or a part of a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged regions • Hybrid orbitals • VESPR theory • Dipole

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