“Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.” Richard Leakey

1. “Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.” • Richard Leakey A shrimp’s heart is in its head.

2. Why do we study world history? FAIL

6. The First People Main Idea Scientific evidence suggests that modern humans spread from Africa to other lands and gradually developed ways to adapt to their environment.

7. Anthropologists Archaeologists • Study culture: knowledge, art, customs • Examine artifacts: objects that people in the past made or used • Dig at sites where people have left traces • Use a variety of methods to date and analyze objects found Studying the Distant Past Much of the human story remains a mystery because writing has existed for only about 5,000 years.

8. Early Hominids Later Hominids • 1959—East Africa • Mary Leakey finds skull fragments • Hominid: humanlike being that walked upright • 1974—Ethiopia • Johanson finds “Lucy” • 4 foot-tall hominid who walked upright • lived 4 to 5 million years ago • More advanced hominids from about 3 million years ago • 1960s—Tanzania footprints • Louis Leakey • Homo habilis (“handy man”) • More humanlike features • Made and used crude stone tools Human Origins Where did the first people come from? When did they appear?

12. Other hominids • Homo erectus (“upright man”) • 2 to 1.5 million years ago in Africa • Larger brain; more skillful hunter • First hominid to control fire • Modern humans • Homo sapiens (“wise man”) • 200,000 years ago • Larger brain; more sophisticated tools • Learned to create fire • First to develop language

17. Question: What four main types of hominids have scientists identified based on fossil evidence? Answer(s): Australopithecine, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

18. Spreading Around the World • Climate and Migration • Hominids learned to adapt • Began to move out of Africa • Movement occurred over hundreds of thousands of years • The Ice Ages • Began 1.6 million years ago • Long periods of freezing weather cycled with warmer periods • Asia and North America joined at Bering Strait • Out of Africa • Homo erectus first hominid to migrate • Fossils found in Asia and Europe • Homo sapiens migrated around 100,000 years ago • Might have used boats • Adapting to New Environments • Adapted as they migrated • Two groups of Homo sapiens: • – Neanderthals • – Cro-Magnons

19. 37,500 YBP 35,000 YBP 32,500 YBP 30,000 YBP

20. 1) Red: Modern Humans 2) Yellow Neanderthals 3) Green Homo Erectus

23. Question: How did the ice ages influence early human migration? Answer: The ocean level dropped, exposing land bridges that allowed early humans to migrate around the world.

25. Technology Art and Religion • First tools: crude chipped stones • Later tools: wood and bone • Spears for hunting • Nets and traps for fish and birds • Canoes from logs • Clothing from animal skins • Shelters from skins, wood, bones • Societies began to form • Common culture • language • art • religion • Animism • Belief in life after death? Life in the Stone Age • The first humans lived during the Stone Age, when people made tools mainly from stone. • Paleolithic Era • 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago • Stone Age people lived as nomads • Sheltered under rock overhangs or in caves • Hunter-gatherers

26. Question: How did Stone Age people use technology to adapt and survive? Answer(s): used fire, made tools and weapons

27. The Beginning of Agriculture Main Idea The development of agriculture was a major turning point in human history and significantly changed the way in which many people lived.

28. Neolithic Tools • Polished stones to make points • More specialized tools: • chisels • drills • saws Paleolithic Tools • Stones chipped to make points • Wood and bone tools • Nets from plant fibers and animal sinew The New Stone Age As prehistoric people developed more sophisticated tools, the Paleolithic Era gave way to the Neolithic Era.

31. Plants Animals Growth of Agriculture • End of Ice Age • New plants • New food source • People learned to farm • Domestication • Larger food supply • Domesticating animals • Careful selection and breeding • 10,000 BC – dogs • Larger and more stable supply of meat, milk, skins, wool • Available plants, domesticated animals • Spread to regions: • Asia: rice • Africa: cattle • Mexico: corn • South America: potatoes Development of Agriculture The development of agriculture (c.10,000 ya), radically changed how people lived. This shift to farming is referred to as the Neolithic Revolution.

34. Question: How did people benefit from farming and the domestication of plants and animals? Answer(s): more reliable food supply; people could pool labor and resources

35. Early Farming Societies New Technologies • Small settlements • Villages and towns • Increase in trade • Societies became more complex • Social status, authority • Religion, megaliths • Warfare, disease increased • New tools and methods • Animals working in fields • Grindstones, pestles, pottery • Wool from sheep for yarn • Spinning and weaving • Copper, bronze, tin Agriculture Changes Society • Agriculture dramatically changed Stone Age – more food • Some people began to live as nomadic pastoralists. • Others gave up the nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements. • As people began to make items from bronze, the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age, which began as early as 3000 BC in some areas.

37. A Neolithic settlement in what is now Turkey Largest Neolithic site found Home to 5,000–6,000 people in 6000 BC Covered more than 30 acres People raised barley, wheat, sheep, goats Houses One main room with areas for sleeping and domestic tasks like cooking Religious shrines Çatal Hüyuk

43. Ötzi the Iceman • Discoveries added to our knowledge of Neolithic societies • 1991- hikers discover frozen male body • Scientific tests performed • 5,300 years old, from Neolithic Era • Ötzi and belongings well preserved • Clothes: three types of animal skins stitched together • Leather shoes, woven grass cape, fur hat, backpack • Quiver with arrows, dagger, ax with copper blade • Scientists’ theories • Diet included coarse grains • Did not live in location where found • Might have been murdered

47. Question: How did the development of agriculture affect Neolithic societies? Answer(s): revolutionary changes; men and women assumed different roles; led to towns, government, religion, and trade.

48. Foundations of Civilization Main Idea From farming villages arose cities, and with them, the first civilizations, marking the beginnings of recorded history.

49. Advances in Farming Changing Economies • New methods to increase production: irrigation systems • Networks of canals, ditches • Link fields to water supply • Farm more land in drier conditions • Plant more crops and produce more food • Surplus, or excess of food • Fewer people needed to farm • Began to specialize in other jobs • Division of labor • Traditional economy • Economic decisions based on custom, ritual • Began to change with development of irrigation • Trade increases From Villages to Cities Advances in farming and changing economies caused the first cities to appear.

50. Characteristics of Cities • Generally larger than villages • First known city was Uruk, in what is now Iraq • Home to 40,000–50,000 people • Covered more than 1,000 acres • Populations more diverse than in villages • Early villages consisted of extended families • Early cities included many unrelated people • More formal organization than in villages • Had defined centers, with temples and marketplaces • Had defined boundaries separating the cities from surrounding villages • Served as centers of trade for surrounding villages