Current Topics in ICT Area

1. Current Topics in ICT Area Shigeki GotoDepartment of Computer Science Waseda University

2. Social Impact from/to ICT • ICT, e.g. the Internet, brings Globalization. • Globalization changed the structure of world economy, politics and society. • This social movement returns to ICT, or it is already affecting ICT.

3. UUCP is used between Japan and the US Old episode in 1986 • The first IP packet was sent in 1987. • In 1986, the author worked at NTT Lab.The total expenses for international phone call and telex was 2,000 USD for the whole Lab. UUCP to the US spent more than 2,000 USD. • My boss called me. Answer）It is cheaper than an international trip. • The boss called me a couple of months later. Reality）Both of phone bill and travel support increased.

4. ICT and Global Economy 1 • IT revolution is one of major historical transformations in human society. • Kazuo Mizuno, Why people misunderstand the essence of global economy, Nikkei Press, 2007. 1517 Martin Lutherposted famous 95 theses.1498 Vasco da Gama discovered the direct route from Europe to India. Terminated Middle Ages, opened Modern Ages

5. The Internet as an economic General Purpose Technology (GPT) • “ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS:General Purpose Technologies and Long Term Economic Growth". • The Internet is not just a "product“ like automobiles or vacuum cleaners.The Internet is a transformative general purpose technology (GPT) whose impact touches all aspects of society. http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-929089-X

6. Economic TransformationsGeneral Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth • The authors of the book list the Internet as number 20 of the 24 General Purpose Technologies throughout human history. • Authors: Richard G. Lipsey, Kenneth I. Carlaw, and Clifford T. Bekarhttp://www.sfu.ca/~rlipsey/res.html Richard G. Lipsey, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University, Kenneth I. Carlaw, Senior Lecturer, University of Canterbury, and Clifford T. Bekar, Assoc Professor of Economics, Lewis and Clark College

7. 24 Technologies Chapter 5: A Survey of GPTs in Western History: Part I 10,000 BC to 1450 AD     Domestication of plants 9000—8000 BC Process     Domestication of animals 8500—7500 BC Process     Smelting of ore 8000—7000 BC Process     Wheel 4000—3000 BC Product Writing 3400—3200 BC Process     Bronze 2800 BC Product     Iron 1200 BC Product     Waterwheel Early medieval period Product

8. 24 Technologies Chapter 6: A Survey Of GPTs in Western History: Part II 1450 to 2010The Three-Masted Sailing Ship 15th century ProductPrinting 16th century ProcessThe Steam Engine Late 18th to early 19th century ProductFactory system Late 18th to early 19th century OrganizationalRailway Mid 19th century ProductIron steamship Mid 19th century Product Internal combustion engine Late 19th century ProductElectricity Late 19th century Product

9. 24 Technologies Chapter 6: A Survey Of GPTs in Western History: Part II 1450 to 2010Electricity Late 19th century ProductMotor vehicle 20th century Product Airplane 20th century ProductMass production, 20th century Organizationalcontinuous process, factory Computer 20th century ProductLean production 20th century OrganizationalInternet 20th century ProductBiotechnology 20th century ProcessNanotechnology Sometime in the 21st century Process

10. Bill St. Arnaud CAnet – news, CANARIE, CA • If the Internet is just a product then the role of government is pretty minimal. • However if the Internet is a transformative general purpose technology then the public sector role is more important. • GPTs begin as crude technologies with a limited number of uses, but they evolve into much more complex technologies with dramatic increases in the range of their use across the economy and in the range of economic outputs.

11. Waterwheel-driven cam • making beer (987); • treating hemp (1040); • fulling cloth (1086); • tanning leather (1138); • Sawing logs (1204); • Making paper (1238); • Grinding mustard (1251); • Drawing wire (1351); • Grinding pigments (1348); and • Cutting metal (1443);

12. Global Economy Social Transformation 2 • 2nd Prize, Best Economics Book in 2007 Q1Q2. • Kazuo MizunoChief Economist, Mitsubishi UFJ Securities • Why people misunderstand the essence of global economy • Nikkei Press, March, 2007. • His lecture at Nanzan University, Japan http://www.sc.mufg.jp/inv_info/ii_report/m_report/pdf/mr20070713.pdf

13. Major changes in social structure • Emerging Empires, losing nation-states= Imperialism • Real economy is overwhelmed by Financial economy = Financialization • Diminishing uniformity, enlarged gapor difference = Class-structured society Big gap IT revolution and Globalization

14. ３ Module Component Made by CompanyB Made by CompanyA Module structure common components Masahiko Aoki, Towards a Comparative Institutional Analysis, MIT Press, 2001.

15. Module Structure • Bicycle — Module Structure Automobile — not module structure Integrated Structure • An automobile will be assembled from modules.An electric vehicle is similar to a computer. • A motor-cycle is forced to take the module structure. Takahiro Fujimoto, Business Management of Manufacturing, Kohbun-sha Shinsho 293, March, 2007.

16. The Internettruly moduled structure multi-vendorOPEN cf. Main-frame computers which are totally integrated.

17. Should we welcome module structure? • Low barrier for new-comersGood chances for small companiesBig enterprises do not win the game. • Hot competitionBattle in niche markets modules Standard salvation by faithreliance upon others We cannot escape from this game.

18. Strategy for the module game • Low cost production vs. an innovative product • We need Research and Development.Catching-up is not a good strategy. A pioneer takes all.

19. R&D and Risk management • Success rate of R&D projects is very low.95% of new projects will fail immediately. • Risk management is an excellent mechanism.Life insurance is meaningless for a single man. • We need a good scheme for encouraging challengers. • It is a kind of division of labor.

20. An episode in Silicon Valley • I have two US engineers in my group when I worked at NTT Laboratories. • They happened to work at the same start-up company in Silicon Valley. • I was asked to give a short talk to investors.“I do not know their products. However, I do know two talented engineers are working here.” • I noticed that my speech went along a theory in a text book for business management.

21. Silicon Valley Modelby Prof Masahiko Aoki • It did not work in Japan. Follow-up trials mostly failed even in the US. • A venture capitalist and an entrepreneur do help each other.

22. Old Japanese modeland the future model • Main bank • Convoy of companies • market finance • contracted officials old US model What is the new model? Most issues are apparent in ICT area. We should solve them to make ICT stronger.

23. Measurement

24. Dark IP Dark IP means an address which is not assigned nor used To observe a Dark IP space, it is actually allocated to a machine which does not respond to any incoming packets. Block all outgoing packets Anomaly packets logging No response Attacker Firewall PC Sensor Box (Dark IP)

25. Virtual Sensors Mutual Communications Normal Servers Normal Hosts No service offered One-way Access Attackers Unused IP space Netflow packets Virtual Sensors • Virtual Dark IPNew method for flow-based analysis • No need for physical sensors A. Shimoda and S. Goto, Virtual Dark IP for Internet Threat Detection, APAN Network Research Workshop, pp.17-24, Aug 2007. Comparison – Port 135/tcp Verified certain similarity between Virtual Sensors and Physical Sensors cooperate with REN-ISAC at Indiana University, IN

26. brain 2-layer Network society is not flat. gate keepers 3-layer

27. Network society is not flat.

28. Quick responses to E-mail messages 48 hours 24 hours