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CS 447 Networks and Data Communication

Learn about IP address structures, subnetting, CIDR, and domain routing in CS 447 Networks course. Understand how IP addresses are assigned, subnet masks, and network partitioning.

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CS 447 Networks and Data Communication

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  1. IP Address Format, Classes Sub-Networking and Class-less Inter Domain Routing CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Department of Computer Science Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Fall, 2019 Dr. Hiroshi Fujinoki E-mail: hfujino@siue.edu

  2. What is IP address? Internet Backbone Carrier (long distance carrier) ISPs NIC NIC Host Y Host X Internet Internet core routers SIUE Domain CS 447 Networks and Data Communication • IP address is the ID for each NIC at a host computer IP_Address/001

  3. What is IP address? Every IP address must be unique Host X 241.12.57.88 32.123.72.55 Internet 202.1.0.5 SIUE Domain 146.163.146.170 CS 447 Networks and Data Communication • Advantage in using IP addresses You can use the same format of IP address no matter where your destination is. Host Q Host Y Host S IP_Address/002 Host Z

  4. What is IP address? 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 CS 447 Networks and Data Communication IP Addresses = the unique identifiers for each host computer (NIC) in the Internet (or intranets) IP_Address/003

  5. CIDR (Class-less Inter-Domain Routing) Host Address Domain Address 32-bit IPv4 address ? bits ? bits This is how it is called “inter-domain routing”. CS 447 Networks and Data Communication  Each IP address = a combination of “domain address” and “host address”  Only the source and destination network domains perform CIDR • The gateway routers in your transmitting host and the destination host perform CIDR IP_Address/004

  6. CIDR (Class-less Inter-Domain Routing) “CIDR Prefix” 146 146 163 163 146 146 170 170 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 . 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1. 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 . 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1. 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Example We can come up with (24-1) more domains of the same size! Network Address Bits Network Address Bits CS 447 Networks and Data Communication 146.163.146.170/16 = How many bits (from the top) are “network address” If we need only up to 4,000 hosts? Since 212 = 4,096, we need only 12 bits for host address filed. 146.163.146.170/20 IP_Address/005

  7. Domain and host addresses Routing using host address Destination Host Domain X Transmitting Host Routing using domain address Domain Y Gateway Router in Domain Y Gateway Router in Domain X CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Internet IP_Address/006

  8. Example of IP address construction What are the bit patterns for “146”, “163” and “170”? “146” Weight 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 0 0 0 0   146 18 - - LSB MSB CS 447 Networks and Data Communication • “146.163.146.170” 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 1 0 1 1 128 16 18 2 IP_Address/007

  9. Example of IP address construction “163” 0 0 0    163 3 35 - - - 1 LSB MSB CS 447 Networks and Data Communication 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 Weight 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 1 1 1 0 1 128 2 32 35 3 IP_Address/008

  10. Example of IP address construction “170” MSB LSB CS 447 Networks and Data Communication 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 Weight 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0    170 10 42 - 128 - - 8 32 42 2 10 IP_Address/009

  11. Two extensions in IP address formats Purpose Purpose 1. Subnet and Subnet Masks Method Method 2. CIDR (Class-less Inter Domain Routing) CS 447 Networks and Data Communication • A mechanism to make managing IP addresses easier • Partitioning a network domain within a domain • A mechanism to increase the number of network domains • Partitioning a network domain into more than one network domain IP_Address/010

  12. Subnet and Subnet Masks You can’t assign an IP address to more than one NIC SIUE Domain (146.163.X.X) Assigned IP address CS 447 Networks and Data Communication The problem Managing IP addresses in a large domain is not an easy job • SIUE domain has more than 1,000 host computers • IP address must be unique IP_Address/011

  13. Subnet and Subnet Masks SIUE Domain (146.163.X.X) Assigned IP address CS 447 Networks and Data Communication The problem Managing IP addresses in a large domain is not an easy job • Your job is to assign, maintain and manage all available IP addresses in SIUE domain. • You can not assign an IP address to more than one host (or NIC) IP_Address/012

  14. Subnet and Subnet Masks IP MAC 146.163.0.1 1ABF 146.163.0.2 NULL 146.163.0.3 NULL 146.163.0.4 NULL MAC Address Problem in DHCP DHCP Query DHCP Reply DHCP Server MAC Address IP Address SIUE Domain (146.163.X.X) Every time you starts your PC, your IP address may be different CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Two solutions  Dynamic address assignment (DHCP)  Subnet working 1ABF IP_Address/013

  15. Subnet and Subnet Masks Address range: 146.163.4.1-146.163.7.255 Address range: 146.163.8.1-146.163.12.255 Address range: 146.163.0.1-146.163.3.255 SIUE Domain (146.163.X.X) CS 447 Networks and Data Communication • Partition the entire domain • Assign a group of IP addresses to each partition • Each partition is called “subnet” IP_Address/014

  16. • • • 172.16.0.100 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.9 172.16.0.1 241.12.57.88 Internet CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Private IP addresses • NAT • IP Masquerade IP_Address/015

  17. (Class-D IP addresses) Multicast IP addresses Multiple Receiving Hosts Transmitting Host CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Exception in IP addresses (#2) • A transmitting host transmits once • Multiple hosts receives at once Internet IP_Address/016

  18. (Class-D IP addresses) Multicast IP addresses All the receivers should have the same multicast IP addresses CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Exception in IP addresses (#2) • All the receivers should receive messages • A sender should transmit only once Transmitting Host Internet IP_Address/017

  19. Transmitting Host Local-Domain Multicast Internet Global-Internet Multicast First Last Categories 224.0.0.0 224.0.0.255 We developed a UDP IP-multicast audio-streaming application applications in CS490 (Fall 2005) (as SIUE’s local-domain multicast). 224.0.1.0 238.255.255.255 239.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 SIUE Domain CS 447 Networks and Data Communication Global-Internet Reserved Global-Internet Multicast Local-Domain Multicast IP_Address/018

  20. 25/28 = 1/23 CIDR (Class-less Inter-Domain Routing) CIDR Block PreFix # Equivalent Class-C # of Host Addresses = 64 /26 2(32-26) /25 = 128 2(32-25) 28 /24 = 256 /17 2(32-17) = 32,768 /16 216 = 65,536 217 = 131,072 /15 218 = 262,144 /14 CS 447 Networks and Data Communication 1/8 of a Class-C /27 2(32-27) = 32 1/4 of a Class-C 1/2 of a Class-C 1 Class-C 128 Class-C (Class-B) 256 Class-C 512 Class-C 1024 Class-C IP_Address/000

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