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Learning

Learning. Adaptation to the Environment. Learning—a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience Conditioning--the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. Learning Processes.

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Learning

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  1. Learning

  2. Adaptation to the Environment • Learning—a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience • Conditioning--the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

  3. Learning Processes • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning

  4. Pavlov’s Dogs • Digestive reflexes and salivation • Psychic secretion

  5. NEUTRAL STIMULUS NO REACTION will elicit UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a NEUTRAL STIMULUS CONDITIONED RESPONSE CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS Classical Conditioning

  6. Classical Conditioning Factors • Stimulus generalization • Stimulus discrimination • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery

  7. Behaviorism • The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses • John B. Watson (1913) • B. F. Skinner (1938)

  8. John B. Watson and Little Albert • Conditioned emotional responses • Generalization • Extinction

  9. Classical Conditioning and Drug Use • Regular use may produce “placebo response” where user associates sight, smell, taste with drug effect • Classically conditioned responses may be one explanation for the characteristics of withdrawal and tolerance

  10. Cognitive Aspects of Classical Conditioning • Reliable and unreliable signals • Actively process information

  11. Evolutionary Perspective • Conditioned taste aversions • Internal stimuli—associate better with taste • External stimuli—associate better with pain • Biological preparedness

  12. First Trial in Box After Many Trials in Box Scratch at bars Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Push at ceiling Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Dig at floor Dig at floor Howl Howl Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc. Press lever Press lever Early Operant Conditioning • E. L. Thorndike (1898) • Puzzle boxes and cats

  13. B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

  14. B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning • Interested in emitted behaviors • Operant—voluntary response that acts on the environment to produce consequences

  15. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement—the occurrence of a stimulus following a response that increases the likelihood of the response being repeated

  16. Reinforcers • Primary—a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing for a species (biological necessities) • Conditioned—a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer

  17. Punishment Presentation of a stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

  18. Problems with Punishment • Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior • May produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear • Likely to be temporary • May model aggression

  19. Operant Conditioning Terms • Shaping • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Discriminative Stimulus • Schedules of Reinforcement

  20. Discriminative Stimuli Environmental cues that tell us when a particular response is likely to be reinforced

  21. Reinforcement Schedules • Continuous—every correct response is reinforced; good way to get a low frequency behavior to occur • Partial—only some correct responses are reinforced; good way to make a behavior resistant to extinction

  22. Partial Schedules—Ratio • Ratio schedules are based on number of responses emitted • Fixed ratio (FR)—a reinforcer is delivered after a certain (fixed) number of correct responses • Variable ratio (VR)—a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, but varies from trial to trial

  23. Ratio Responses • FR—highest level of responding • VR—high rate with few breaks

  24. Partial Schedules—Interval • Interval schedules are based on time • Fixed interval (FI)—reinforcer is delivered for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed • Variable interval (VI)—reinforcer is delivered for the first response after an average time has elapsed, differs between trials

  25. Interval Responses • FI—steady schedule with “scalloped” look, responses drop off right after reinforcer • VI—steady, consistent schedule of response

  26. Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning • Cognitive map—term for a mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment • Latent learning—learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but is not demonstrated until a reinforcer is available • Learned helplessness—phenomenon where exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior

  27. Biological Predispositions • Animal training issues • Instinctive drift—naturally occurring behaviors that interfere with operant responses

  28. Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning

  29. Observation Learning • Observation • Modeling • Imitation • Albert Bandura and the BoBo doll study

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