“Living things have heads, bodies, and tails…. speeches are organisms too.” -Plato

1. “Living things have heads, bodies, and tails…. speeches are organisms too.” -Plato

2. 1st thing to work on is the Body • Organization • Main Points • Connectives

3. 1st thing to work on is the Body • Organization • Main Points • Connectives • 2nd thing to work on is the head (Introduction)

4. 1st thing to work on is the Body • Organization • Main Points • Connectives • 2nd thing to work on is the head (Introduction) • 3rd thing to work on is the tail (Conclusion)

5. Organizing the Body

6. Organizing the Body • Topical Order • Most common pattern of organization • Main points divide the topic in logical subtopics • Perfect structure for speeches about types of things or speeches that list aspects of a topic

7. Organizing the Body I. Cesar Chavez is best known for his efforts to protect the rights of Hispanic farm workers in California. II. Cesar Chavez was also a tireless advocate for Hispanic racial and cultural pride.

8. Organizing the Body • Chronological Order • Main points follow a time pattern. • Process speeches are usually chronological.

9. Organizing the Body • Chronological Order • Speeches about events and about people can use chronological order • There is a strong psychological benefit to this structure

10. Organizing the Body I. The ISU Campanile was constructed between 1897-1898. II. The ISU Campanile was outfitted with new bells in 1899, 1929, 1956 and 1967. III. The ISU Campanile was renovated between 1992 to 1994.

11. Organizing the Body • Spatial Order • Follows a directional pattern: outside to inside; east to west, top to bottom, etc. • Great for informative speeches about places or for historical topics. • There is some psychological benefit to this pattern, especially with visual learners.

12. Organizing the Body I. The outer layer of the skin is the epidermis. II. The middle layer of the skin the dermis. III. The innermost layer of the skin is the hypodermis.

13. Organizing the Body • Main points • Full Sentences • At least 2, and no more than 5 • Parallel Wording

14. Organizing the Body • Main points I. The ISU Campanile was constructed between 1897-1898. II. The ISU Campanile was outfittedwith new bells in 1899, 1929, 1956 and 1967. III. The ISU Campanile was renovated between 1992 to 1994.

15. Organizing the Body • Connectives • Words or phrases that connect ideas • One of the keys to making your speech listener-friendly!

16. Types of Connectives • Transitions • Words or phrases that tells everyone that the speaker has finished one idea and is moving to another. Includes some summary of the previous point, and previews the upcoming point.

17. Types of Connectives Examples of Transitions: Increasing the amount of money spent on education is only one part of the solution. The other part is to ensure that the money is spent wisely. Now that we have explored the ancient origins of astrology, let us turn to its modern popularity.

18. Types of Connectives • Internal Preview • A statement that lets the audience know what the speaker will say next. Pays little attention to previous ideas. • Internal Summary • A statement that restates what the speaker has previously said. Pays little attention to ideas that are coming next.

19. Types of Connectives • Which is the Preview and which is the Summary? • As we look at America’s deteriorating public works system, we shall deal first with our streets and highways and second with our bridges. • In short, palm reading is an ancient art. Developed in China more than five thousand years ago, it was practiced in classical Greece and Rome, flourished during the Middle Ages, and remains popular today.

20. Types of Connectives • Signposts • Brief statements to help the audience focus on key ideas • Draw attention to exactly where you are in the speech

21. Types of Connectives • Signposts can be: • Numbers: “first”, “second”, “third” • Other signals: “next”, “finally” • Underscoring: “The most important thing to remember,” “Above all”, “Let me repeat,” “This will be on the exam”

22. In your Learning Groups • Create one of each of the following connectives to go betweenthe main points listed below them: • Transition • Internal Preview I. The Polar Bear is native to the Arctic circle and its surrounding land masses. • Connective - ??? II. The Polar Bear is listed as a vulnerable species for many reasons including climate change, habitat loss, and pollution.

23. Introductions • CARRP

24. Introductions • Credibility • Attention • Reveal the topic • Relate to the audience • Preview the main body

25. Introductions • 1st step – Attention! • State the topic’s importance • Startle the audience • Arouse curiosity • Ask questions • Use quotes • Tell stories

26. Introductions • 1st step – Attention! • MAKE SURE that it leads into your speech!

27. Introductions • 2nd or 3rd step – Reveal Topic • Be obvious

28. Introductions • 2nd or 3rd step – Relate to Audience • What is true for everyone in the room? • Answer your listeners’ question: “So what?”

29. Introductions • 4th step – Establish credibility

30. Introductions • 4th step – Establish credibility • Claim your special knowledge and experience • Answer your listeners’ question: “Why should we listen to you?”

31. Introductions • 5th step – Preview the main body • Directly voices your main points in the order you will present them. Very similar to your Central Idea.

32. Conclusions • 1st step – signal end of speech • “In conclusion” can work, but you can do better

33. Conclusions • 2nd step – reinforce the central idea (main points)

34. Conclusions • 3rd step – clear closing line