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Multithreading Models and Issues in Operating Systems

Explore the different multithreading models and issues in operating systems, including user threads, kernel threads, and thread pools. Learn about the Pthreads API, Solaris 2 threads, Windows XP threads, Linux threads, and Java threads.

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Multithreading Models and Issues in Operating Systems

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  1. Chapter 5: Threads • Multithreading Models • Threading Issues • Pthreads • Solaris 2 Threads • Windows 2000 Threads • Linux Threads • Java Threads Operating System Concepts

  2. Single and Multithreaded Processes Operating System Concepts

  3. Benefits • Responsiveness • Resource Sharing • Economy • Utilization of MP Architectures Operating System Concepts

  4. User Threads • Thread management done by user-level threads library • Examples: - POSIX Pthreads - Mach C-threads - Solaris threads Operating System Concepts

  5. Kernel Threads • Supported by the kernel • Examples: - Windows NT/2000/XP - Solaris 2 - Mach - Linux 2.2 Operating System Concepts

  6. Multithreading Models • Many-to-One • One-to-One • Many-to-Many Operating System Concepts

  7. Many-to-One • Many user-level threads map to single kernel thread • Used on systems that do not support kernel threads Operating System Concepts

  8. One-to-One • Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread • Examples: - Windows NT/2000/XP - OS/2 Operating System Concepts

  9. Many-to-Many Model • Allows many user-level threads to map to many kernel threads • Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads • Examples: • Solaris 2 • Windows NT/2000/XP with the ThreadFiber package Operating System Concepts

  10. Many-to-Many Model back Operating System Concepts

  11. Threading Issues • Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls • Does fork duplicate all threads of process ? • Does exec replace thread or process ? • Thread cancellation • Common in multi-threaded applications • Might leave data inconsistent • Signal handling • Which thread gets the signal ? • Thread pools • Pre-made threads to speed thread creation • Thread specific data • Shouldn’t be, but is useful Operating System Concepts

  12. Pthreads • a POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and synchronization • API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the library • Common in UNIX operating systems Operating System Concepts

  13. Solaris 2 Threads Operating System Concepts

  14. Solaris Process Operating System Concepts

  15. Windows XP Threads • Implements the one-to-one mapping • Each thread contains - a thread id - register set - separate user and kernel stacks - private data storage area Operating System Concepts

  16. Linux Threads • Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads • Thread creation is done through clone() system call • Clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process) Operating System Concepts

  17. Java Threads • Java threads may be created by: • Extending Thread class • Implementing the Runnable interface • Java threads are managed by the JVM Operating System Concepts

  18. Java Thread States Operating System Concepts

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