Modality Moods Evidentiality Presented by: Asif Yousaf , Hammad Azam , Adnan Abdul Qayyum .

1. 1 • Modality • Moods • Evidentiality Presented by: AsifYousaf, HammadAzam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

2. 2 AsifYousaf • MODALITY • Types of modality Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

3. 3 Defining Modality • “Modality is the soul of the sentence. There is noutterance without modality”(Ch.Bally). • Modality is a linguistic category (like aspect or tense) that modifies the meaning of the event or action we talk about to include ways to “influence” the event described. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

4. 4 Defining Modality • Modality may express what the speaker wants to do (give permission, describe ability, suggest, request, offer, prohibit, express desires or necessity, etc.). • Modality can also express whether the speaker believes, or is sure that what he or she is saying is true.   Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

5. 5 Types of modality • Deontic modality • Epistemic modality Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

6. 6 Deontic modality • Deontic modality expresses ways to influence the action or event we talk about. With this type of modality we express ideas like: • Ability: Maya can speak French. • Permission: The children may go to the trip. • Necessity: You needn’t have studied so hard. • Obligation: Maya mustn’t be late. • Suggestions: She should go to England. • Requests: Could you open the window? • Etc. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

7. 7 Epistemic modality • Epistemic modality expresses how sure or unsure the speaker is that the action or event is true. With this type of modality we express whether the speaker is • sure that it’s true: That must be the correct answer. • quite sure: Sarah may be at her office right now. • somewhat sure: It might rain tomorrow. • very unsure: You could pass the exam. • sure that it is not true. This can’t be the end. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

8. 8 The expression of modality • Modality is expressed grammatically by means of: • Modal verbs You must speak up. Maya can speak Spanish very well. • Non-modal verbs with the same function as modal verbs Sarah had to leave early. Maya will be able to speak Spanish soon. • Adverbs, nouns, adjectives that indicate modality (especially certainty, possibility, or probability) Perhaps it will rain. Maya is probably at home now. Maya has the ability to play the piano Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

9. 9 Modal verbs • Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that function to express modality. They show the following characteristics: • Like other auxiliary verbs they appear before the negative adverb NOT and before subjects in questions. Bob canNOT sing very well. May I erase the blackboard? • There cannot be more than one modal verb in a single clause. *Bob may should wait for her longer. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

10. 10 In the final analysis • Modality is the speaker’s assessment of the probabilities inherent in the situation (epistemic modality)or of the rights and duties (deontic modality) • It allows the speaker to introduce a personal, subjective view of the non-factual and non-temporal event Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

11. 11 HammadAzam • Moods • Types of Moods • Exercise Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

12. 12 MOODS Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

13. 13 What is mood? • LIFE DEFINITION • How you are feeling at a given time Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

14. 14 MOOD IN GRAMMAR DEFINITION: A mood shows the writer’s attitude toward what he/she is saying. • He is playing cricket. •  Open the door. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

15. 15 Indicative Mood • Express a fact, opinion, or question • It is 84 degrees in here. • I think I am going to pass out. • Can we please turn the heat down? • We will go to see a movie this Sunday. • I’ll follow you. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

16. 16 Imperative Mood • Makes direct command or request • Show me the money. • Now give me the money. • Don’t call the police. • Let’s go to see a movie this weekend! • Please stop bugging me! Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

17. 17 Subjunctive Mood • It expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) • and is often used with an "if" clause. • If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this house. • I wish I were more organized. • I wish it were autumn. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

18. 18 What mood? Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive? • Maria translates articles into Spanish. • I wish you were here. • Bring me the towels. • Please be quiet. • The coach asked that each player practice twice each day. 6. If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this house. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

19. 19 ADNAN ABDUL QAYYUM • Evidentiality • Types of Evidentialities • Relationship b/w Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality • Conclusion Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

20. EVIDENTIALITY • In linguistics, evidentiality is the indication of the source of informationfor a given statement; that is, • whether evidence exists for the statement and/or • what kind of evidence exists (McLendon 2003) • For example • I saw Sania playing tennis. • I think ShoaibMalik was playing cricket. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

21. TYPES OF EVIDENTIALITY Aikhenvald (2004, 2006) • 1, Witness Evidential • A witness evidential indicates that the information source was obtained through direct observation by the speaker • Usually this is from visual observation (eyewitness). • Example • I saw him breaking the window Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

22. TYPES OF EVIDENTIALITY Aikhenvald (2004, 2006) • 2, Sensory Evidential • A sensory evidentialindicates that the speaker’s evidence for the truth is derived from the speaker’s own sensory experience. • It can be visual or non visual • Example • It smells like they are having a barbecue here. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

23. TYPES OF EVIDENTIALITY Aikhenvald (2004, 2006) • 3, Inferential Evidential • An inferential evidential indicates that the speaker makes his/her statement based on a deduction from facts and not on a direct observation of the action itself. • Example • You must be very tired after your journey Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

24. TYPES OF EVIDENTIALITY Aikhenvald (2004, 2006) • 4, Reportative Evidential • A reportative evidential indicates that the information was reported to the speaker by another person. It can be • Hearsay (Heard from others / Rumour) • QuotativeStatement (Heard from the person itself) • "It is said that she will do it." / "She says that she will do it." • Example • The jeweller was the ringleader, allegedly. • He is said to have chosen death. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

25. TYPES OF EVIDENTIALITY Aikhenvald (2004, 2006) • 5, Assumed Evidential • An assumed evidential indicates that the information source is not based on mere guess but is rather based on the general knowledge or habitual activities. • Example • I think that he will go to seaside on this romantic day. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

26. Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality. • Epistemic modality is a modality that tells how much certainty or evidence a speaker has for the proposition expressed by his or her opinion. • I guess that he is coming • I believe that he is coming • Evidentiality is often considered to be a sub-type of epistemic modality (Palmer 1986, Kiefer 1994) Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

27. Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality. • Other linguists consider evidentiality (marking the source of information in a statement) to be distinct from epistemic modality (marking the degree of confidence in a statement). • An English example: • I see that he is coming. (evidential) • I guess that he is coming. (epistemic) Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

28. CONCLUSION To conclude: Modality, Mood and Evidentiality are semantic categories which allow the speaker to assume various attitudes towards a proposition. Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

29. REFERNCES: • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2003). Evidentiality in typological perspective. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp.33–62). • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Kiefer, Ferenc. (1994). Modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2515–2520). Oxford: Pergamon Press. • McLendon, Sally. (2003). Evidentials in Eastern Pomo with a comparative survey of the category in other Pomoan languages. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 101–129). • Longman, NY. • Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2nd ed. published 2001). • Palmer, F.R. 2001. Mood and Modality. CUP • Plank, F. 1984. The modals story retold. Studies in Language 8:305-64 • Willet, T. 1988. A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalizatioBhatn of evidentiality. Studies in Language 12: 51-97 Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum

30. 30 THANKS Any Question??? Modality, Mood and Evidentiality Presented to : Dr. Islam Pasha Presented by : Asif Yousaf, Hammad Azam, Adnan Abdul Qayyum