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Nelson mandela

Nelson mandela. NUR PERÇİN Department of Chemistry IZTECH/2012. Outline of Presentation. Historical Background Apartheid in South Africa Childhood Education and Early Career Political Activism

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Nelson mandela

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  1. Nelson mandela NUR PERÇİN Department of Chemistry IZTECH/2012

  2. Outline of Presentation • Historical Background • Apartheid in South Africa • Childhood • Education and Early Career • Political Activism • Travel and Arrest • Imprisonment • Release • The End of Apartheid • Presidency • Retirement

  3. Historical Background • South Africa populated by native tribes • Xhosa, Zulu, and Sotho people • Dutch arrived in 17th century • Attracted by fertile land, mines with gold, diamonds • Descendents referred to as Boers or Afrikaners • Friction between two groups • Afrikaner National Party created in 1940’s • Asserted economic and social control over blacks • Invented apartheid to maintain control • “Separateness”

  4. Apartheid in South Africa • Apartheid laws first appeared in 1949 • Prohibited interracial marriages • Reserved better paying jobs for whites • Segregation • 1950 Population Regulation Act • Required that all citizens be racially classified • Black Africans forced to carry credentials • 1951 Bantu Authorities Act • Created four “homelands” • Denationalized nine million • 1953 Public Safety Act & Criminal Law Amendment Act • Severe punishment for even non-violent protesting • Fines, imprisonment, whippings • Could be detained without a hearing for up to six months • Thousands died in custody, often after torture • Punished with death, exile, life imprisonment

  5. Childhood • Born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, East Cape Province • Small village • Region a.k.a. Transkei • Home to Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe • Named Rolihlahla (“troublemaker”) • Son of Henry Mandela, Chief of Mvezo • Advisor to JongintabaDalindyebo • Paramount Chief of Thembu • Guardian after father died in 1930 • Attended meetings conducted by Jongintaba • Learned about governance • Descendent of Thembu royalty • Guaranteed position as royal advisor

  6. Education and Early Career • Attended Methodist missionary schools • Renamed Nelson • Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938 • Befriended Oliver Tambo • Both expelled in 1940 for political activism • Worked at law firm in Johannesburg • Took course provided by University of South Africa at night • Obtained Bachelor’s degree in art in 1941 • Studied law at University of Witwatersrand • Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in 1952 • First black African legal practice

  7. Political Activism • Joined African National Congress in 1944 • Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo • Secretary of ANCYL in 1947 • National Party won election of 1948 • New ANC president approved by ANCYL • President of ANCYL in 1951 • Banned from ANC in 1952 • Prohibited from attending meetings or holding an office • Confined to Johannesburg area • ANC operated underground

  8. The Treason Trial • 156 nationalists arrested December 5th, 1956 • Included Mandela and Albert Luthuli, President of ANC • Leaders of Congress Alliance • Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations • Charged with high treason • Punishable by death • Acquitted in March of 1961

  9. The Pan AfricanistCongress • Formed by more radical members of ANC • Rivalry between ANC and PAC • 69 demonstrators killed at Sharpeville on March 21, 1960 • Both groups formed military wings in 1961 • Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”) • Mandela appointed first commander of MK • PAC’s Poqo and MK prepare sabotage

  10. The Sharpeville Massacre

  11. Travel and Arrest • Mandela left country in secret in 1962 • Attended Conference of Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa • Conference of African nationalist leaders in Addis Ababa • Provided with Ethiopian passport by Haile Selassie • Traveled to Algeria for military training • Guerilla warfare • Next to London to visit Tambo • Arrested upon return

  12. The Rivonia Trial • Charged for leaving country • Sentenced to five years in prison • MK HQ at Lilieslief raided on July 11th, 1963 • Arrested leaders charged with 221 counts of sabotage • Mandela delivered four hour statement • “I am Prepared to Die” • Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years

  13. “ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

  14. Imprisonment • Gained local and international support • Pressured South African government to release Mandela • Hidden from media • Moved several times • Offered freedom in 1976 • Told that in exchange he must withdraw from political activism • Refused this and subsequent offers

  15. Release • Frederik Willem de Klerk became president in 1989 • Lifted ban on all political parties • Released all political prisoners not guilty of violent crimes • On February 11th, 1990 Mandela was released

  16. The End of Apartheid • Replaced Tambo as president of ANC • Convention for Democratic South America formed in 1991 • To negotiate transitional government • Both Mandela and de Klerk involved • Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1993 • First multiracial election in South Africa in April of 1994 • ANC won by 62% • Government of National Unity • Maximum of five years while new constitution formed • Mandela became president of South Africa

  17. Presidency • Inaugurated May 10th, 1994 • First black president of South Africa • Aimed to improve social and economic conditions for black majority • Large scale redistribution of wealth • Truth and Reconciliation Commission • Human rights violations from old regime • Improved living standards of black population • Better housing and education • Violence control • Afrikaner Resistance Movement • Extremists opposing new government using terrorism • Legislation to protect workers • Workplace safety, overtime pay, minimum wage

  18. Retirement • Decided not to run for reelection in 1997 • Supported Thabo Mbeki • Inaugurated June 16, 1999 • Retired from public life in 2004 • Committed to fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic • Son Makgatho Mandela died of AIDS on January 6th, 2005

  19. “ We have at last achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination . . . Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another. . . Let freedom reign.”

  20. references • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela,2012 • http://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography,2012 • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/,2012 • http://www.anc.org.za/list_by.php?by=Nelson%20Mandela,2012 • http://archive.nelsonmandela.org/#!home,2012

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