Czar Alexander III – 1881-1894

2. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONA revolution in Russia in 1917 ended three centuries of rule by czars. It led to the establishment of the world's first communist government.

3. Communism has since spread to other countries and has had a significant impact oninternationalrelations.

4. “Da, don’t quesvion me, or I’sevill kill you. Ha HaHa!” Czar Alexander III – 1881-1894 He believed in an autocratic government. Anyone who questioned his power was wiped out. He instituted the Pogroms, organized violence against the Jews.

5. “I’ve vant to keep control of Mother Russia, but zhere are to much bad zings happing here!” Czar Nicholas II(the last Czar) He wanted to keep the autocratic traditions of Russia, BUT there would be too many circumstances out of his control.

6. Downfall of the Czar “zings are vooking bad fors mes, jes? My vorld es turning upside down.” Events in Russia will show the weakness of the Czar Czar Nicholas II

7. Causes of the RevolutionA. People weredissatisfiedwith therule of Romanov czars. 1. Most people in Russia were poor peasants called serfs who lived and worked on land owned by aristocrats,

8. 2. Aristocrats (wealthy citizens who supported the czar) were given political power over the peasants.3. Serfs had to pay taxes to the aristocrats.

9. 4. Serfs were poorlyeducated, wereusually made to stay on the land where they were born, and were sometimes forced to serve in thearmy 5. Nicholas II, the last Russian czar, limited the role of peasants and workers in the government.

10. 6. Student protests, peasant revolts, and worker strikes became common in the late 1800's and early 1900's. 7. Revolutionary groups wereorganized.

11. B. The Industrial Revolution did not spread to Russia and thus did not provide the Russian people withbenefitsenjoyed by Western Europeans. C. The Russo-Japanese War ended in a humiliating defeat for Russia

12. Russo-Japanese War Feb. 1904 The Russians were getting whipped by the Japanese, people unhappy about the outcome of the war. Russia and Japan were competing for colonies in Korea and Manchuria (imperialism) would lead to war. Russian ships sunk by the Japanese

13. “Bloody Sunday” 1905 Revolution 200,000 workers and farmers go to the czar’s Winter palace; they want better working conditions, more freedoms, and an elected nation legislature. Czar’s Winter Palace The army officers gave the order to shoot into the crowd. 500-1,000 unarmed citizens killed. Led to a series of strikes & violence throughout Russia.

14. “Bloody Sunday” led to the creation of the Duma, the 1st Russian Parliament “Bye, bye tos ze Duma, Ha, ha ha!” But, the czar did not want to give up any power, so he got rid of it.

15. D. World War I brought greatsufferingto the Russian people. 1. The country was unprepared when attacked by Germany in 1914.

16. Russian involvement in WWI (1914) Many deaths and losses for the Russian army and lack of food supplies affect the citizens at home The czar entered the war even though Russia was unprepared to fight Russian ambulances in World War I

17. 2. In the middle of the war, Nicholas replaced experienced government officials with weak, unpopular men. 3. Nicholas had fallen under the influence of Grigori Y. Rasputin, a holyman and adviser who he thought was saving the life of his sick son.

18. 4. The war brought shortages in food, fuel, and housing. 5. Russian armies were soundly defeated, and nearly 2 million people lost their lives.

19. Communism in Russia The belief that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the czar, the workers would then rule. “The dictatorship of the Proletariat.” From the workers unrest, grew the revolutionary movement, based on Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto. “The dictatorship of the Proletariat.”

20. II. March Revolution, March 1917 B. Soldiers sent to end the violent protests sided with the demonstrators instead. Soldiers were ordered to fire on the rioters, they do, but… then they join the rioters and begin shooting at their commanding officers. Started with a female textile workers strike in Petrograd. A. Shortages of bread and coal promptedriotsand strikes. Women waiting in a food line

21. C. Aristocrats and alleducatedRussians joined the revolution against Czar Nicholas. D. Lacking political support, Nicholas resigned from power.

22. Czar Nicholas II forced to abdicate the throne (give up / step down) “zis sucks! Vhere iz my mommy.”

23. The former Duma leaders quickly establish a Provisional Government The Kerensky government made a HUGE mistake “Ve Vill keep fighting da Germans!” Alexander Kerensky will be placed in charge. He decided to continue fighting the Germans, he quickly lost support of the people. Kerensky

24. In some cities the Soviets had more power than the Kernesky Government. Soviets are formed Soviets = councils (organized groups of people) consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers. Petrograd Soviet

25. The czar was toppled Eve of Revolution Just one thing needed to happen… “Kerensky, you stink!” The return of … Lenin! but… the new Kerensky Government was weak and unpopular with the people. Russia was in a fragile state, ripe for a new revolution. “Ise don’t thinks hes likes mes”

26. E. The Bolsheviks (communists) took control of the government and signed a peace treaty with Germany ending Russian involvement in World War I.

27. 1. Nikolai Lenin became the first dictator of Communist Russia and began putting into practice ideas he had developed after studying the writings of Karl Marx.

28. 2. A civil war broke out in which the Communists (called "Reds" afterthe color of their flag) defeated the anti-Communists ("Whites").

29. 3. The communists organized the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) which was made up of four "union republics" or states. (The number of union republicsincreasedduring the 1920's, 1930's, and 1940's.)

30. F. Lenin died in 1924 and was succeeded to power by Joseph Stalin.

31. III. Results of the Russian Revolution A. Under communism, the government gradually took over ownership of land, factories, mines, banks, and railroads.

32. B. The Communist party was the onlypoliticalparty allowed in Russia 1. Lenin - the "Fatherof Communism" - used force and terror against his opponents.

33. 2. In the mid-1930's Stalin used the "Great Purge" to arrest or put to death thousands of party officials, Army officers, and factory managers that he thought were "enemiesof the people"; millions of people were sent by thesecretpolice to labor camps.

34. C. Lenin's "New Economic Policy" (NEP) and Stalin's "Five Year Plans" greatly improved Russia's economy. 1. When the communists first seized power, the country's economy was on the edge of totalcollapseas a result of World War I, the revolution, andcivilwar.

35. 2. Under communist control, Russia developed into one of the world's leading industrial nations.

36. D. The Bolsheviks thought the Russian Revolution of 1917 would lead torevolutionsin other countries. 1. Russian communists established the "Comintern" (Communist International), an organization of communist parties around the world.

37. 2. Stalin eventually disbanded the Comintern when attempts to spark revolutions in other countries failed.

38. Ssoooooooohh ---------------What impact did the rise of Communism have in the free world following World War II?

39. E. Communist governments were set up in numerous countries inEuropeandAsiafollowing World War II. 1. Russia refused to withdraw its military forces from nations in Eastern Europe occupied during the Red Army's campaign against Germany

40. a. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and East Germany became Russian "satellites" with communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union.

41. b. This was the first event in the "ColdWar" -- a period that brought international tension and the threat of war between the Soviet Union and the UnitedStates.

42. 2. Local communists took over the governments of Yugoslavia, Albania, and NorthVietnam. 3. Communists defeated Nationalists in a civil war inChina. 4. Communist governments were established in North Korea, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Mongolia, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Cuba.

43. F. An early goal of communism was the world wide overthrow of “capitalism” - the private ownership (instead of government ownership) of factories, farms, etc.

44. G. Communist countries today tend to be more interested in their own future than in the spread of communism to other parts of the world.H. Communist and non-communist countries now lean toward "peaceful co-existence".

45. That’s all Folks!