Impressionism

1. Impressionism

2. Impressionism Art Characteristics • Concerned with perception of optical sensations of light and color • No sharp edges • Minimal defined lines • Form and space are implied not defined • Intense color and use of light

3. Impressionist Art • Impression: Sunrise • 1872 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Claude Monet • Painting which gave the name to the new movement • Impressionism was meant as an insult as it stated that the artists could only make an impression of the scene • Large brushstrokes and no definitive lines

4. Impressionist Art • Haystacks at Giverny (end of summer, morning) • 1891 • Giverny, France • Painting • Artist: Monet • Monet painted the same subjects over and over again at different times of day and in different seasons to show how light effected it • His brushstrokes were deliberately fuzzy to create the impression of the subject • The focus of his work was light • He painted outdoors and did not mix his colors on the palette, but rather on the painting

5. Rouen Cathedral 1892-95 Rouen, France Painting Claude Monet Different times of day allowed different light – this is 3 separate paintings in a series of many

6. Snow Effect at Eragny, Road to Gisors 1885 Paris, France Camille Pissarro Amongst the giants, Pisarro is often forgotten for his contributions to Impressionist movement He lived very close to where he painted

7. Impressionist Art • Dance at the Moulin de la Galette • 1876 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Renoir • Impressionists often depicted pleasant places where people congregated to have fun • In Renoir, the weather is always good and the men and women always attractive • His goal was to capture the mood of the event with color and light

9. A Bar at the Folies-Bergère 1882Paris, France Painting Edouard Manet Manet has completely gone impressionist by this point in his career – the unique perspective of the mirror adds mystery to this painting

10. Impressionist Art • Summer’s Day • 1879 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Berthe Morisot • Probably the most daring of all the Impressionists as her brushwork was the loosest • Some of the subjects in the painting are nearly unrecognizable • Her artwork was critiqued for being too feminine (to many scenes of women and children)

11. Impressionist Art • The Dancing Class • 1874 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Edgar Degas • Painted in a style called linear impressionism (use of more clear lines) • Famous for his depictions of ballet dancers • A behind the scenes look capturing the dancers in relaxed mode or stretching, certainly not at their best or most graceful • Degas created a space where the walls are not parallel with the viewer

12. Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer 1879-81 Paris, France Artist: Edgar Degas bronze, paint, tulle, satin, wood Degas barely dabbled with sculpture although he kept the ballerina theme when he did

13. Impressionist Art • The Boating Party • 1893 – 1894 • Paris, France • Artist: Mary Cassatt • Painting • The best known American Impressionist; she moved to Paris to paint • Part of early critique of this work was the apparent ‘rudeness’ of the man in the boat who has turned his back to us • The central figure is the baby (the man’s arm, the oar and the boat all point there)

14. Little Girl in a Blue Armchair 1878Paris, France Painting Mary Cassatt Cassatt’s focus on feminine subjects caused her to be dismissed as frivolous

15. The Bath ca. 1892Paris, France Painting Mary Cassatt Preferred asymmetrical un-posed compositions Her vantage point, from above shows her interest in Japanese block paintings which were all the rage in the late 19th century

16. Impressionist Art • Arrangement in Black and Gray: The Artist’s Mother • 1871 • London, England • Painting • Artist: James A.M. Whistler • An American ex-patriot who moved to Paris and then London • The work is known popularly as Whistler’s Mother • A rather unemotional and intellectual portrayal of the subject is seen here • Whistler named all his paintings in musical terminology

17. Nocturne in Black and Gold(The Falling Rocket) ca. 1875London, England Painting James A.M. Whistler Here, Whistler is much more impressionistic and abstract

18. Fin de Siecle Art • Eiffel Tower • 1889 • Paris, France • Architecture • Artist: Gustave Eiffel • At the time the tallest structure in the world at 984 feet tall • Foreshadows the skyscrapers of the 20th century • Used as a radio tower, now a cell phone tower • Many Parisians still hate the structure, yet it has still come to represent France

19. Post-Impressionism Characteristics • Post Impressionism is the retrospective label given to the work of Cezanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh and Georges Seurat, who were painting in the final years of the nineteenth century.  These men never formed a definitive school of painting but now it is possible to see that they were seeking similar aims: (characteristics) • (1) Celebration of visual images not for their verisimilitude to nature, but as equivalents for nature in their own right • (2) Celebration of the application of paint on to the canvas for its creative abilities

20. Post-Impressionist Art • Mount Sainte-Victoire from the Large Pine Tree • 1885 – 1887 • Aix-en-Provence Region, France • Painting • Artist: Paul Cezanne • Cezanne preferred landscapes and still life • Cezanne shows depth by working on planes rather than using linear perspective

22. Post-Impressionist Art • Still Life with Peppermint Bottle • 1894 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Cezanne • He often combined unrelated objects into his still life paintings • Disregard for perspective was intentional

23. Pointillism • Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte • 1884 – 1886 • Painting • Paris, France • Artist: Georges Seurat • Pointillism - Painting with tiny dots to create a complete figure from a distance • The closer you get the more it starts to blur and eventually become indistinguishable

25. Post-Impressionist/ Expressionist Art • The Night Café • 1888 • Arles, France • Painting • Artist: Vincent van Gogh • Born in Holland, he mover first to Antwerp then to Paris and eventually to Arles • Bright colors record van Gogh’s own personal feelings

26. Post-Impressionist/ Expressionist Art • Starry Night • 1889 • St-Remy, France • Painting • Artist: Van Gogh • Intentional loose form not rushed and painted • Appears spontaneous, thick strokes, blobs of color • Was preplanned from sketches however • His most reproduced work

28. Post-Impressionist/ Symbolist Art • ManaoTupapau (Spirit of the Dead Watching) • 1892 • Tahiti • Painting • Artist: Paul Gauguin • Artist attempted to show fear by use of somber and sad colors • Symbolism – the attempt to give concrete form to abstract ideas

29. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? 1897 Tahiti Painting Paul Gauguin Painting should be enjoyed from right to left Gauguin claimed once he finished this painting he would commit suicide (he attempted)

30. Post-Impressionist Art • The Thinker • 1879 – 1889 • Paris, France • Sculpture • Artist: Auguste Rodin • Rodin used broken surfaces to create a similar unfinished effect that reflected light like the painting of the Impressionists • His most famous work • Note how the feet almost grip the stone • Originally sculpted as part of a grand monument that was never built in tribute to Dante’s Inferno

31. Post-Impressionist Art • The Kiss • 1886 – 1898 • Paris, France • Sculpture • Artist: Rodin • Left lower part un-finished as a contrast to the softness and warmth of their bodies

32. The Sleeping Gypsy 1897 Paris, France Painting Artist: Henri Rousseau New style of modern naturalism called the Naïve School Naïve Art - characterized by a childlike simplicity in its subject matter and technique

33. Turn of the Century American Art • Wainwright Building • 1890 – 1891 • St. Louis, Missouri • Architecture • Artist: Louis Sullivan • It had an underlying steel skeleton and bricks were placed as the ‘skin’ • ‘form follows function’

34. Art Nouveau • Staircase, Dr. Tassel’s Home • 1893 • Brussels, Belgium • Architecture • Artist: Victor Horta • Horta put nature into all his work • He designed the entire home to give it a sense of unity

35. Art Nouveau • Casa Mila • 1905 – 1907 • Barcelona, Spain • Architecture • Artist: Antoni Gaudi • A totally new style was created by Gaudi • Curved lines are everywhere • Asymmetrical on purpose • Looks more like it was molded from clay then built of stone and steel • Balconies appear to be mangled

36. Art Nouveau • SagradaFamilia • Started 1882 – 2010? • Barcelona, Spain • Architecture • Artist: Antoni Gaudi • Still incomplete as he died before finishing the plans • Arguing for years how to finish it

38. The Kiss 1907-1908Vienna, Austria Painting Gustav Klimt Part of Art Nouveau movement Art Nouveau – called “Jugendstil” in Germany and “Stile Liberty” in Italy it is characterized by organic, especially floral and other plant-inspired motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear forms

39. Fauvism • Woman with a Hat • 1905 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Henri Matisse • Fauvism tended to shock the viewer • Colors appear arbitrary, placed mish mash around the painting for no reason • It is his wife • Fauvism – French for ‘wild beasts’ it is characterized by strong use of color and anti-realism

40. Fauvism • Harmony in Red • 1908 – 1909 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Matisse • Everyday scene full of patterns, lines, and harmony between the colors • Parts are 2 dimensional while others are 3D

41. Cubist Art • Gertrude Stein • 1906 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Pablo Picasso • Considered most important painter of the 20th century • Simplified forms into basic shapes • Painted her face from memory – making this a cerebral not retina-based painting • Not truly a cubist yet

42. Cubist Art • Les Demoiselles d’Avignon • 1907 • Barcelona, Spain • Painting • Artist: Picasso • Demoiselles here means prostitutes not young ladies • Freed from reality, Picasso worked with distorted figures and proportions in favor of shapes and angular pieces • Cubism - objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints

43. Cubist Art • Still Life with Chair Caning • 1912 • Paris, France • Mixed Media • Artist: Picasso • Picasso began to paste real materials onto the canvas, here he chose a rope with a piece of oilcloth with imitation chair caning on it and a fragment of newspaper • Jou are the 1st 3 letters of journal (the newspaper used) but they are also the 1st 3 letters of jouer – to play • Method was called collage

44. Cubist Art • The Portuguese • 1911 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Georges Braque • Depicts a guitarist playing at a café • There is, however, no truly distinguishable figure here • Forms are broken down into cubes and portrayed at different angles even • Range of color was restricted to focus on style

45. Futurist Art • Suburban Train Arriving at Paris • 1915 • Italy • Painting • Artist: Gino Severino • Depiction of speed in a sequence of multi-faceted positions; fragmented but focused • Futurists wanted to destroy art museums and anything old • Futurism – admired speed, technology, youth and violence, the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature, and they were passionate nationalists

46. German Expressionist Art • Dancing Around the Golden Calf • 1910 • Dresden, Germany • Painting • Artist: Emil Nolde • Influenced by Fauvism and Matisse, Nolde’s use of bright colors to convey meaning can be seen here • Biblical subject being shown in sexual manner was controversial • Colors help convey sexuality, fury and ecstasy of this piece • Expressionism - Its typical trait is to present the world under an utterly subjective perspective, violently distorting it to obtain an emotional effect and vividly transmit personal moods and ideas

47. The Scream 1893Norway Painting Artist:Edvard Munch Expressionism develops throughout Europe travelling even to Scandanavia The Scream is said to represent man’s hopelessness in his struggle against nature

48. German Expressionist Art • Improvisation No. 30 (Warlike Theme) • 1913 • Munich, Germany • Painting • Artist: Vassily Kandinsky • He believed colors caused ‘vibrations in the soul’ • Shows cannons firing to welcome the 2nd coming of Christ to Moscow

49. The end . . . Next lecture . . . Modern & Post-Modern