Today Earth’s Atmosphere ( chp 1 cont’d) Geography 101 Warming the Atmosphere ( chp 2)

1. Mon. Sep 8 • Today • Earth’s Atmosphere (chp 1 cont’d) • Geography 101 • Warming the Atmosphere (chp 2) • Wednesday (9/10) • Air Temperatures (chp 3)

2. Weather Review

3. Weather Review

4. Weather Review Monsoon Haboob

5. Weather Review 5?/7? 79 59/79 57/76 58/76 Was this a good forecast?

7. CO2 Cycle

8. CO2 Time Series

9. CO2 Time Series

11. OZONE (O3) • Two types • “Good” ozone - Stratosphere (40-50K ft.) • Absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation • “Bad” ozone – Near the earth’s surface • Main ingredient of photochemical smog. • 3rd most potent greenhouse gas

12. Ozone Formation • Surface Ozone

13. Ozone Destruction • Stratospheric Ozone • UV radiation has enough energy to naturally break up the molecule. • Accelerated by CFCs’ • Hairspray, freon etc. • Catalyst • Accelerate Breakdown

14. Ozone Hole 1978

15. Ozone Hole 1988

16. Ozone Destruction 1989MontrealProtocol

17. Ozone Hole 1998

18. Ozone Hole 2008

19. Ozone Hole 2012

20. Ozone Hole

22. Meteorology Conventions Meteorological Directions(Cardinal Directions) N = 0 W = 270 E = 90 S = 180 Example: 225 degrees = Southwest

23. Meteorology Conventions • Plotted Data • Altitude is represented on charts as increasing upward (y-axis) • Temperature increases to the right (x-axis) Altitude Temperature

24. Meteorology Conventions • Greenwich Mean Time • GMT • UTC (Coordinate Universal Time) • Zulu (Z) • PST = UTC – 8 hours • PDT = UTC – 7 hours • 0000 UTC = 1700 PDT = 5 PM PDT • 1200 UTC = 0500 PDT = 5 AM PDT

26. Map Classwork (HW#2 - 10 pts)

27. Map Classwork

28. Map Classwork

29. 71 % covered by water • N. Hemi = 61% • S. Hemi = 81% 3 5 4 Map Classwork 1 6 2 9 7 1. Gulf of Mexico 2. Caribbean Sea 3. Bering Sea 4. Mediterranean 5. North Sea 6. Arabian Sea 7. Bay of Bengal 8. Tasman Sea 9. S. China Sea 8

30. Map Classwork

31. Cascades NewEngland GreatLakes Map Classwork SierraNevada Rocky Mountains GreatBasin Midwest AtlanticSeaboard Great Plains MississippiValley PACIFICOCEAN ATLANTICOCEAN Gulf Coast Gulf of Mexico

33. WARMING THE EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE

34. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • What is Energy? It’s the capacity to do work on some form of matter • Potential energy: The total amount of stored energy • Kinetic energy: Energy of motion

35. HEAT CONDUCTIVITY

36. Cold Air vs. Warm Air Slower and closer together | Faster and farther apart

37. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Atoms and molecules have kinetic energy due to their motion (heat energy) • Sun’s radiant energy most important • Air temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules

38. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Heat = energy transferred because of a temperature difference • After heat is transferred, it is stored as internal energy • Heat is transferred in the atmosphere by • Conduction • Convection • Radiation

39. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Latent heat: energy required to change a substance, such as water, from one state to another • Evaporation = cooling process, absorption of latent heat from the environment • Condensation = warming process, release of latent heat to the environment

40. Changes of State

41. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Conduction: the transfer of heat from molecule to molecule • Always flows from warmer to colder • Air is an extremely poor conductor of heat

42. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Convection = heat transfer by the mass movement of a fluid (water or air) • Example • Pan of boiling water • Rising air currents • Convection circulation • Warm air expands • Rises • Cools and sinks

43. Thermal Circulations

44. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Radiation = Energy transfer via electromagnetic waves • Radiative Properties • Hotter objects • Emit shorter wavelengths • Emit radiation at a greater rate or intensity

45. Electromagnetic Radiation Fig. 2.7, p. 41