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Transforming the Western Frontier: Plains Indians, Settlers, and Conflicts

Explore how the Great Plains transformed as white settlers clashed with Plains Indians in the late 19th century. Discover the cultural decline of the Plains Indians, the impact of the Populist movement, settlers' westward expansion, government restrictions on Native Americans, and key conflicts like the Battle of Little Big Horn and Wounded Knee. Learn about the Dawes Act's assimilation efforts and the devastating consequences of the buffalo's destruction. Witness the end of an era in Western frontier history.

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Transforming the Western Frontier: Plains Indians, Settlers, and Conflicts

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  1. CHAPTER 5: CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER AMERICA SETTLES THE WEST- LATE 19TH CENTURY

  2. CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER The culture of the Plains Indians declines as white settlers transform the Great Plains. Meanwhile, farmers form the Populist movement to address their economic concerns.

  3. Where is the West?

  4. SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE I. Culture and Life of the Plains Indians A. The culture of the Plains Indians was not well known to Easterners 1. Great Plains—grasslands in west-central portion of the U.S. 2. Mountains, treeless plains made it difficult to farm and live. THE PLAINS

  5. B. Where are the Great Plains? 1. area between and the

  6. 1. area between MS River and the

  7. 1. area between MS River and the Rocky Mountains-

  8. 1. area between MS River and the Rocky Mountains- Great American Desert (In the beginning) later the Wheat Belt also the Breadbasket

  9. 2. MS River to and from to

  10. 2. MS River to Rocky Mountains and from

  11. 2. MS River to Rocky Mountains and from Texasto

  12. 2. MS River to Rocky Mountains and fromTexasto Dakotas

  13. C. THE HORSE AND THE BUFFALO 1. introduction of horses by Spanish (1598) and guns, meant Native Americans able to travel and hunt 2. Plains tribes nomadicby mid-1700s 3. horse provided speed and mobility, the buffalo provided for all needs • hides used for teepees, clothes, blankets 4. horses changed the way of life and warfare- increased mobility. a) touch enemy or capture weapon- known as counting coup BUFFALO WERE USED FOR FOOD, SHELTER AND CLOTHING

  14. D. FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS 1. Small extendedfamilies were the norm Tribes were very spiritual, believe in powerful spirits that control natural world 2. land was communal, or common OSAGE TRIBE

  15. II. SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARD A. Settlers who pushed westward had a different idea about land ownership 1. Native Americans- land cannot be owned; settlers- want to own land B. Settlers think Native Americans forfeited land because did not improve it 1. Concluding that the plains were “unsettled,” thousands advanced to claim land. C. Goldbeing discovered in Colorado, 1858, only intensified the rush for land. A COVERED WAGON HEADS WEST

  16. III. THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS NATIVE AMERICANS A. As more settlers headed west, the U.S. government increasingly protected their interests 1. 1834, government designates Great Plains as one huge reservation 2. 1850s, treaties define specific boundaries for each tribe B. Railroad Companiesinfluenced government decisions C. As settlers moved west conflictoccurred between them and Native Americans RAILROADS GREATLY IMPACTED NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE

  17. NATIVES AND SETTLERS CLASH D. 1864 - Massacre at Sand Creek; US Army troops kill over 200 Arapaho women and children at Sand Creek, Colorado E.Bozeman Trail 1. Overland trail connecting Oregon trail to Montana 2. TrailcrossesSiouxhunting grounds. 3. Red Cloud asks for end of settlements;Crazy Horse ambushes troops 4.Treaty of Fort Laramie —U.S. closes trail to settlers; Sioux forced to reservation 5. Sitting Bull, leader of Sioux, does not sign treaty

  18. OTHER CONFLICTS AND BATTLES F. 1874 George A. Custer reports gold in BlackHills rush begins 1. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, waged war against settlers for refusal to stay off of tribal lands Black Hills in SD 2. Troops sent in to force Native Americans into reservations 3. The Battle of Little Big Horn, or Custer’s Last Stand, occurred in early 1876 when Colonel Custer reached Little Big Horn, MT 4. Native Americans, led by Sitting Bull, outflanked and defeatedCuster’s troops ONE OF THE FEW NATIVE AMERICAN VICTORIES WAS LITTLE BIG HORN

  19. Sitting Bull

  20. Colonel Custer

  21. IV. THE DAWES ACT - 1887 A. 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson exposes US gov’t mistreatment of Indians in A Century of Dishonor B. 1887, US Gov’t passes the Dawes Act attempted to assimilate Native Americans 1. Assimilation —give up way of life, join American culture FAMOUS DEPICTION OF NATIVE STRUGGLE

  22. C. 1887, Dawes Act to “Americanize” Native Americans, break up reservations 1. gives land to individual Native Americans for farming

  23. THE DARK AREAS DEPICT NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS BY 1894

  24. D. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO 1. The most significant blow to tribal life was the destruction of the buffalo • Tourist and fur traders shot buffalo for sport 2.1800: 65millionbuffalo roamed the plains 3. 1890: less than 1000 remained

  25. V. BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE A. Ghost Dance —ritual to regain lost lands 1. spreads among Sioux on Dakota reservation B. Dec. 15, 1890, Sitting Bull is killed when reservation police try to arrest him C. On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry (Custer’s old regiment) surround Lakota Sioux performing Ghost Dance at Wounded Knee, S.D. D. Shot fired trying to unarm Sioux –the Seventh Cavalry slaughtered 300 unarmed Native Americans E. This event brought the “Indian Wars”– and an entire era to an end

  26. Wovoka—Paiute spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance

  27. F. Buffalo Soldierswere African American soldiers sent to fight Indian Wars.

  28. BLACK ELK SPEAKING ABOUT WOUNDED KNEE BLACK ELK

  29. VI. CATTLE BECOMES BIG BUSINESS A. Ranching became increasingly profitable B. Texas rangers learned how to handle the Texas Longhorns from Mexicanrangers

  30. VOCABULARY BORROWED • Vanilla, bronco, mustang, chaps, mosquito, pronto, tuna, stampede, tornado, chili, cigar, shack, savvy, siesta, wrangler, lasso, lariat, ranch, corral, burro, canyon, bandit, fiesta, guerrilla, hurricane, matador, plaza, rodeo, vigilante, desperado, cockroach, buckaroo MEXICAN “VAQUEROS” (COW MAN) PROVIDED THE VOCABULARY FOR THE AMERICAN COWBOY

  31. C. GROWING DEMAND FOR BEEF 1. After the Civil War the demand for beefsurged 2. Urbanization and the rise of the railroad was instrumental in the increase of beef consumption 3. ChicagoUnionStock Yards was a famous meat packing district after 1865 POSTCARD OF CHICAGO UNION STOCK YARDS

  32. refrigerated railcar

  33. Long Drives Most cattle ranches were far away from the closest railhead so ranchers had to have crews drive the cattle across open country to the nearest train. Often took weeks, months

  34. D. COW TOWN & THE TRAIL 1. Abilene, Kansasbecame famous for being a place where the ChisholmTrail met the railroads 2. Tens of thousands of cattle came from Texas through Oklahoma to Abilene via the Chisholmtrail 3. Once in Abilene the cattle would board railcars for destinations across the country Chisholm Trail Chisholm Trail

  35. TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS

  36. What is this? How you think it change life in the west?

  37. VII. THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE A. Almost as soon as ranching became big business, the cattle frontier met its end B. Overgrazing, badweather, and the invention of barbedwire were responsible

  38. SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINS A. The belief that the United States was meant to expand across the continent B. Sea to shining sea I. ManifestDestiny

  39. C. Why Move West? 2. PullFactors a. Ways to make money Mining Farming Ranching 1. PushFactors a. Overcrowded, dirty cities b. Oppressive JimCrowlawsin the south

  40. II. Railroads Open the West A. 1850–1871, huge landgrants to railroads for laying track in West- helps western settlement B. 1860s, Central Pacific goes east from California, Union Pacific west from Nebraska, meet in PromontoryPoint, Utah (1st transcontinental railroad May 10, 1869) • By 1880s, 5 transcontinental railroads completed C. Railroads sell land to farmers, attract many European immigrants

  41. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah and laid a Golden Spike

  42. III. Settlers Move Westward A. Federal land policy and the transcontinentalrailroad led to the rapidsettlement of American west B. 1862 – Congress passed HomesteadAct which offered 160 free acres to any “head of household” 1862–1900, up to 600,000 families settle C. Railroad, state agents, speculators profit; 10% of land to families

  43. D. EXODUSTERS MOVE WEST 1. African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas were called Exodusters

  44. E. OKLAHOMA SOONERS 1. In 1889, a governmental land giveaway in what is now Oklahomaattracted thousands In less than a day, 2 million acres were claimed by settlers 2. Some took possession before the government had declared it open –known as the “SoonerState”

  45. 1.1872, Yellowstone National Park created to protect some wilderness 2. 1890s, no frontier left; some regret loss of unique American feature F. The Closing of the Frontier

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