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how people learn. different ways to think about learning. behaviorism. stimulus response learning machines rewards & incentives. enter mind!. human information-processing (unlocking the mind as a black box). cognition is….
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how people learn different ways to think about learning
behaviorism • stimulus response • learning machines • rewards & incentives
human information-processing (unlocking the mind as a black box)
cognition is…. ….structures and processes of the mind used in thinking, feeling, acting, and learning.
cognitive revolution • problems • computer analogy • new work on memory, attention, problem-solving • new focus on process
learning as... • knowledge acquisition - mind as information-processing mechanism • participation - enculteration through tool use and collaborative activity
an exercise…. Recall the most fantastic learning you ever did.
one lesson... People have to be ready for learning to happen. What works for one person may not work for everyone.
R E S P O N S E S T I M U L U S long-term memory sensorymemory working memory
more key principles • the problem of inert knowledge • verbal and procedural kinds of knowledge • schemas and mental models • experts vs novices solving problems
kinds of knowledge • knowing that - declarative knowledge (webs of networked sentences) • knowing how - procedural knowledge (skills - linear and pattern detection) • metacognition - knowing about knowing • attitudes, values, beliefs, commitments, and identities, epistemological development
inert knowledge Inert knowledge is stuff you learned in school that you don’t think to apply when solving a problem. It’s knowledge acquired outside of a problem-solving context.
schema theory • cognitive structure - Web of knowledge and skills • deep conceptual change over simple behavior change • resolve conflict and make sense of things • constant cycles of reflection and articulation
experts vs novices • more “automatic” reasoning, then testing • more domain knowledge • more domain-specific strategies • better pattern detection • occasionally prone to get in a rut • knowledge can be less accessible
another exercise…. Think about the best college teacher you ever had.What was it about that teacher that stood out?
beyond technique No single quality defines excellence. It's a lot about relationship —between teacher and student, and —between teacher and content It’s also a lot about character.
cognitive task analysis: teaching excellence • presence - commitment to “being there” • inspires trust - looking after students’ best interests • enthusiasm and commitment to subject • integrity - role model for scholarship and professionalism • subject matter knowledge • teaching methods