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Managing Lymphoma in Small Animal Practice. Wendy Blount, DVM. Lymphoma. aka lymphosarcoma (LSA) Other than euthanasia in shelters, cancer is the #1 killer of dogs most common cancer in dogs and cats Most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs and cats 30% of cats with cancer have lymphoma
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Managing Lymphoma in Small Animal Practice Wendy Blount, DVM
Lymphoma • aka lymphosarcoma (LSA) • Other than euthanasia in shelters, cancer is the #1 killer of dogs • most common cancer in dogs and cats • Most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs and cats • 30% of cats with cancer have lymphoma • 24% of dogs with cancer have lymphoma • Most common spinal cord tumor in the cat • Most common brain tumor in the cat • Most common nasal tumor in the cat • Most common liver tumor in the cat
Etiology • GI lymphoma can be preceded by IBD in cats • Helicobacter spp increase risk of GI adenocarcinoma in people, and are often present in gastric LSA histopath in cats • FeLV predisposes to LSA in cats • Lymphoma respects age less than other tumors
Clinical Signs Vary tremendously by tumor location Multicentric lymphoma most common • Multiple painless enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly in dogs • Enlarged mesenteric lymph node, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly in cats • Fever • Other locations Ocular lymphoma • Third eyelid or conjunctival mass in cats • rapidly enlarges • Anterior or posterior uveal infiltrates and/or uveitis
Clinical Signs Fred Holt – Tioga TX Gregory Wood – Katy TX Holly Hoffman – Wichita Falls TX
Clinical Signs Vary tremendously by tumor location • GI lymphoma (focal or diffuse) • Vomiting, diarrhea, steatorrhea, melena • Hematochezia, mucoid feces, tenesmus • Mass on rectal palpation • Anorexia, weight loss, lethargy • Abdominal pain or effusion • Palpable abdominal mass, thickened loops of bowel • Pallor, anemia if GI bleeding • Icterus if obstruction of bile duct
Clinical Signs Nasal lymphoma • Unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge • Epistaxis, Sneezing • Dyspnea, stertor, nasal stridor • Facial distortion and ocular discharge • Intermediate to large cells
Clinical Signs Nasal lymphoma • Unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge • Epistaxis, Sneezing • Dyspnea, stertor, nasal stridor • Facial distortion and ocular discharge • Intermediate to large cells
Clinical Signs Nasal lymphoma • Unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge • Epistaxis, Sneezing • Dyspnea, stertor, nasal stridor • Facial distortion and ocular discharge • Intermediate to large cells • Neurologic signs if invasion of the cribriform plate – anterior forebrain • Seizures • Behavioral changes, obtunded, head pressing • Blindness, circling • CP deficits worst in rear
Clinical Signs Spinal cord lymphoma • Extramedullary tumor • Onset chronic or acute • More common in cats than dogs • Localized severe spinal pain • Extramedullary tumors seem to be more painful than medullary • More pain receptors in these areas • LMN signs (flaccid weakness) 2 vertebrae caudal to the area of spinal pain • UMN signs (spastic paresis) caudal to that • Usually part of multifocal disease • Younger cats, up to 2 years of age • Difficult to diagnose, CSF often not diagnostic
Clinical Signs Brain lymphoma • Symptoms caused by • Displacement of brain tissue • Disruption of blood brain barrier • Disruption of CSF and blood flow • Seizures the most common symptom in dogs (cerebral) • Lethargy, weight loss, obtunded • Circling, behavior changes, head pressing • Contralateral CP deficits worse in rear • Head tilt and ataxia in cats (caudal brain stem) • Brain herniation in the late stages • Coma, dilated pupils, death
Clinical Signs Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) • Usually non-specific signs • May have coagulopathy of thrombocytopenia • Petechiae • Epistaxis, bleeding from the gums • Primary hemostasis disorder • Often part of multicentric disease • Usually atypical cells in circulating but not always • “Aleukemic leukemia” • Cytopenias prompt bone marrow sample
Clinical Signs Lymphomatoid granulomatosis • aka eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis • aka lymphoid granulomatosis • aka lymphoproliferative angitis • aka granulomatosis • Destructive angitis in the lungs • Atypical T-cell lymphoma • History of treated heartworm disease • May progress to lymphoma • Symptoms of pneumonitis
Clinical Signs Renal lymphoma (feline) • Bilateral large, bumpy kidneys • The many signs of renal failure Mediastinal lymphoma (feline) • Dyspnea, coughing • Regurgitation • Horner’s Syndrome Hepatic lymphoma • Marked hepatomegaly, liver failure • Large cell in dogs, small cell in cats
Clinical Signs Cutaneous lymphoma • Usually diffuse in the dog • Intense pruritis, resistant to treatment • Two forms in cats • Epitheliotropic – diffuse • “Mycosis fungoides” • Intradermal nests of 5-10 cells • Usually large but sometimes small T cells • Non-epitheliotropic • Large B cells deeper in the dermis
Clinical Signs CBC • Neutrophilia • Lymphocytosis • atypical lymphocytes if ALL • May not have atypia with CLL • Anemia • Anemia of chronic inflammatory disease • Mild nonregenerative anemia • Iron deficiency anemia if GI bleeding • Regenerative or non-regenerative • Pancytopenia if leukemia is present
Clinical Signs Panel • Hypercalcemia • Elevated ALT, SAP, GGT if hepatic LSA • Icterus – GI, hepatic, pancreatic LSA • Low albumin • PLE due to intestinal LSA • GI bleeding due to GI LSA • High globulins – B cell lymphoma • Low globulins – GI bleeding due to GI LSA • High BUN • Pre-renal • GI bleeding due to GI LSA • Feline renal LSA
Clint Duncan – Spring TX John Wood – Lufkin TX Kevin Acuna – Nacogdoches TX
Clinical Signs Panel - icterus with normal liver enzymes • A unique presentation in the cat • Differential diagnosis: • Pancreatitis – elevated fPLI • Lymphoma – cytology or histopathology • FIP – histopathology or diagnostic trifecta • Lymphopenia <1500/ul • Titer 1:160 or greater • Globulins >5.1 g/dl • Positive predictive value 89% • Negative predictive value 99% • Histopath and fluid analysis supportive • Fluid analysis chart
Clinical Signs Abdominal Imaging (rads) • Abdominal mass – gut or lymph node • Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly • Gut obstruction • Abdominal effusion • Chyle or modified transudate • Thickened gut wall (muscularis) • Pneumoperitoneum if GI perforation • Mucosal craters • Soft tissue calcification if hypercalcemia • Bilateral renomegaly in cats
Clinical Signs Bilateral renomegaly in cats
Clinical Signs Cat with mid-abdominal mass and ascites
Clinical Signs Hepatosplenomegaly due to multicentric lymphoma in a dog
Clinical Signs Abdominal Imaging (US) • Enlarged mediastinal lymph node • Hepatomegaly • Hypoechoic focal to multifocal lesions • Generalized hypo- or hyper-echogenicity • Normal hepatic sonogram • Splenomegaly • Nodular to diffuse • hyper or hypoechoic
Clinical Signs Lila • 1.5 year old female Rottweiler • Acute onset of abdominal pain and tachypnea • Has not eaten for 2 days, no vomiting, mucus in the stool • Abdominal splinting on palpation • Fever – 103.8F • CBC, panel – NSAF • cPLI – abnormal (>400) • Fecal float negative • No response to treatment with IV fluids and antibiotics for 2 days (began vomiting)
Clinical Signs Ileus and abdominal effusion
Clinical Signs Lila • Abd US declined due to financial limitations • Elected diagnostic surgery • Generalized peritonitis, serosanguinous abdominal fluid • No obstruction or foreign body • Fluid analysis • Modified transudate • Neoplastic very large lymphoid cells • Responded to chemo within a few days • Remission 6 months • End – recurrence of initial clinical signs
Clinical Signs Abdominal Imaging (US) • Abdominal effusion • Soft tissue calcification if hypercalcemia • GI lesions • Gut obstruction – dilated fluid filled bowel • Thickened gut wall (muscularis) • Obliteration of gut layers • Pneumoperitoneum if GI perforation • Mucosal craters • Decreased motility
Clinical Signs Renal lymphoma in a cat
Clinical Signs Renal lymphoma in a cat
Clinical Signs gastric lymphoma in a cat with ascites
Clinical Signs Abdominal effusion and infiltrated omentum in a cat
Clinical Signs Hypoechoic liver - lymphoma
Clinical Signs Hyperechroic liver - lymphoma
Clinical Signs Stomach & duodenum in a dog with lymphoma
Doug Ashburn Lufkin TX Andre Michael Tyler TX Elizabeth Beck Luling TX
Clinical Signs Thoracic Imaging (rads) • Enlarged perihilar lymph nodes • Interstitial nodular pattern • Enlarged sternal lymph node • Mediastinal mass • Pleural effusion • Soft tissue calcification if hypercalcemia • Lymphoid granulomatosis • Soft tissue masses in the lungs • Interstitial to alveolar pattern • Enlarged lymph nodes • Pleural effusion
Clinical Signs Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and chylothorax in a cat with LSA
Clinical Signs Enlarged mediastinal, sternal and perihilar lymph nodes in a dog with LSA
Clinical Signs Interstitial pulmonary nodules in a dog with lymphoma, enlarged lymph nodes