Tajuk 6: Perkembangan Bahasa

1. Tajuk 6: Perkembangan Bahasa

2. Language Development

3. Language Development is important because: • Through language  children interact • Language development  very much related to intellectual development • Through language  children are able to progress in other developmental domain.

4. What is language? • A law of grammar and semantic that makes conversation more meaningful. • Covers ways of communication  where thoughts and emotions are being expressed  in order to convey message/meaning to others

5. Forms of communication • Writing • Conversation (verbal) • Sign Language • Body/hand gestures • Facial expression

6. Language can be divided into: • Non-verbal (Understanding) • Hand/body gestures • Symbolic understanding • Understand what others said (Baby understand what being said although he’s still not able to talk yet) • Verbal • Sound/Words are being said to convey message/ meaning  involves the coordination of articulation organs (voice box, trachea, tongue, cheek, lips & palate) • Understanding of meaning and sound being said occurs simultaneously

7. Language Development • Characteristics of Early Speech • Children simplify language • Children overregularize rules: they apply them rigidly, not knowing that some rules have exceptions • Children understand grammatical relationships they cannot yet express • Children underextend word meanings

8. Stages of language development in children • Pre-linguistic speech (pre-conversation) • Linguistic speech (conversation)

9. Pre-linguistic speech (pre-conversation) Baby’s ability to understand and convey a message, thou’ he/she is not able to talk yet 1. Crying 2. Cooing & Babbling • (2 mth – babies make vowel-like noises called cooing) • Cooing ”Ooh, aah, goo, a goo” • (4 mth  consonants combine with vowels  babies began babbling) • Babbling  “ ma, ba, ga, da ,pa pa pa” • Becoming a communicator (4 mths) • Infant & adult follow each other’s gaze • This will speed up language development • Simple infant game  pat-a- cake/ peekaboo  demonstrate conventional turn taking. • At the end of the first year  infants use preverbal gestures to influence the behavior of others. 3. Body Gestures • Protodeclarative action • Protoimperative action 4. Facial expressions convey message of emotions

10. Linguistic speech (conversation) • The physical development & connection of the sound of language. • 4 component in linguistic development: • Phonological development • Semantic development • Grammar development • Pragmatic development

11. Phonological development • Understanding & pronouncing words • Vocabulary • Fast mappingabsorb the meaning of a new word after hearing it only once or twice in conversation • The use of metaphor, a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that usually designates one thing is applied to another, becomes increasingly common • A child learn to pronounce  through imitation (repetitive) • Eg. TV (ivi), Susu (cu), Minum (num), tumpah (pah) • A deaf child  normally have problem in speaking

12. Semantic development • A child learn the meaning of words  then combine the words • A child will then try to relate the meaning of certain words with it’s sound. • Addition to his/her vocabulary.

13. Grammar development • Children learn about grammar  add words to make simple sentences. • 2 phase: • The development of simple sentences from basic words. • The development of complex sentences • Children start asking questions  thinking & understanding process is very rapid. • Intelligent children  use complex and sophisticated sentences/words • As age increases  familiarity with words and sentences increases  able to use, different form of sentences.

14. Pragmatic development • Children learn about the aim and how certain words and sentences are being used in a conversation  use language efficiently in social context. • Pragmatics  the practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate. • Social speech • Speech intended to be understood by a listener • Private Speech • Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others • Normal and common in childhood • 3 types of pragmatic ability: • Speech register • Turnabout • Shading.

15. Language Development Theory • Language development relates to two theories in particular. • Social Cognitive Theory • Albert Bandura • Nativism/ Language Acquisition Device (LAD) • Noam Chomsky

16. Social cognitive theory • Emphasize that behavior, environment and cognition as the key factors in language development • Language is learned and is influenced strongly by environmental experiences through observational learning/ modelling • In the classroom, teachers model the type of work they want their children to produce  from this children learn what to do and how to do it.

17. Nativism/ Language Acquisition Device • According to Chomsky: • Humans are biologically pre wired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way. • Human brain are pre-programmed  every normal person are able to talk and understand language. • All children are born with ‘a language acquisition device (LAD), a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories, such as phonology, syntax and semantics’ • LAD depend on cells in the brain (cerebrum cortex) • Through LAD children can analyzed language that they hear and able to construct a proper grammar. • Supporters of the LAD say that all children will learn some form of language by a certain age despite how much language input they have received.

18. Factors Influencing Language Development • Maturation of the Brain • Cortical regions associated with language do not fully mature until late preschool years or later • Environment • Babies learn by listening to what adults say--parents with lower incomes, educational and occupational levels tend to spend less time talking with their children in positive ways • Child-directed speech=speak slowly in a high-pitched voice with exaggerated ups and downs, simple speech, exaggerate vowel sounds, use short words and sentences

19. Language Development • Preparing For Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud • Opportunities for emotional intimacy and parent-child communication • Children who are read to oftenbetter language skills at ages 2½, 4½, and 5 and better reading comprehension at age 7

20. Language Development in Middle childhood • Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax: • As vocabulary grows during the school years, children use increasingly precise verbs to describe an action, i.e. hitting, slapping • Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication • Practical use of language to communicate including conversational and narrative skills

21. Language and Literacy • Literacy=Learning to read and write • Most children learn to read phonetically by sounding out words • Most effective way to teach reading, is to develop strong phonetic skills plus improving fluency and comprehension