a.a. 2008/2009

1. a.a. 2008/2009 Università degli Studi di Catania Sede di Siracusa Facoltà di Architettura CORSO DI LINGUA INGLESE PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

2. L’ARTICOLO L’ARTICOLO DETERMINATIVO: THE (INVARIABILE) EX: THE DOG, THE DOGS, THE STUDENTS, THE HOUSES, THE AMERICANS. L’ARTICOLO INDETERMINATIVO: A (DAVANTI A CONSONANTE) EX: A GIRL, A BOY AN (DAVANTI A VOCALE O H MUTA) EX: AN APPLE AN HOUR PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

3. IL NOME • I SOSTANTIVI POSSONO ESSERE DI TRE GENERI: MASCHILE, FEMMINILE, NEUTRO • IL PLURALE SI FORMA, GENERALMENTE AGGIUNGENDO UNA “S” O “ES”. • EX: BOOK/BOOKS; BUS/BUSES • POSSONO ESSERE NUMERABILI (COUNTABLES) O NON NUMERABILI (UNCOUNTABLES: • EX: A BOOK, TWO BOOKS, SOME APPLES • BEER, SUGAR, COFFEE (MA N.B. “A GLASS OF BEER, A CUP OF COFFEE, SOME SUGAR”) PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

4. L’AGGETTIVO • GLI AGGETTIVI PRECEDONO SEMPRE IL NOME CUI SI RIFERISCONO • EX: A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN • THIS IS A GREAT IDEA • THAT IS A WONDERFUL PLACE PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

5. SUBJECTPRONOUNSIYOUHESHEITWEYOUTHEYNote: The SubiectPronoun is used only in place of a SUBJECT.- Mary is intelligent = She is intelligent.Mary= Subject she= Subject- the students are smart= they are smart PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

6. EXERCISES:i — Replace the subject using a subject pronoun.a) John Smith is a lawyer.b) Henry and Paul are in London now.c) Steve and I are married!d) Mrs. Tyler does a very good job here.e) My glasses are blue.I) My dictionary is so big and heavy!g) My family and I live together.h) Does John know Claudia?i) Julia is not at home in the mornings.j) William doesn’t understand my thoughts. PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

7. 2 — Complete these sentences with a Subject Pronoun.a) __________ has a lot of work to do!b) ___________ is very smart.c) ___________ don’t like this music.d)      ___________ are at the post office.e) ___________doesn’t enjoy classical music.f)        ___________ have a good temper.g) ___________ is a fantastic person.h) ___________ works for a big company.i) ___________ lives in Seattle. l) ___________ eat a lot. PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

8. 3 — Put these sentences in the correct order.a) in England lives Dover He,.b) have a They house great.c) happy are today We very.d) marvellous it a music is.e) do What it with mean you?f) cleans Friday her She every house. PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

9. VERB “TO BE” (ESSERE)VERB “TO HAVE” (AVERE) • I AM I HAVE (GOT) • YOU ARE YOU HAVE GOT • HE IS HE HAS GOT • SHE IS SHE HAS GOT • IT IS IT HAS GOT • WE ARE WE HAVE GOT • YOU ARE YOU HAVE GOT • THEY ARE THEY HAVE GOT • AL NEGATIVO SI AGGIUNGE “NOT” • PER FORMARE UNA DOMANDA SI INVERTONO SOGGETTO E VERBO: EX. ARE YOU….? HAVE YOU GOT…? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

10. PossessivesAGGETTIVI E PRONOMI POSSESSIVI • SONO INVARIABILI NEL GENERE E NEL NUMERO E NON SONO MAI PRECEDUTI DALL’ARTICOLO (“THE MY” NON SI DICE MAI!!!) • MY MINE • YOUR YOURS • HIS, HER, ITS HIS, HERS, ITS • OUR OURS • YOUR YOURS • THEIR THEIRS PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

11. PossessivesAGGETTIVI E PRONOMI POSSESSIVI • EX.: • THIS IS MY BOOK ….. THIS BOOK IS MINE • THAT IS YOUR FRIEND… THAT FRIEND IS YOURS • HIS (DI LUI) ROOM… THAT ROOM IS HIS • HER (DI LEI) HOUSE… THAT HOUSE IS HERS • THESE ARE OUR TICKETS… THE TICKETS ARE OURS PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

12. Saxon Genitive (or “s” possessive)IL GENITIVO SASSONE • SI USA PER INDICARE UNA RELAZIONE DI POSSESSO • NOME POSSESSORE+ ’ + S + COSA O PERSONA POSSEDUTA • TOM’S MOTHER IS A TEACHER • THIS IS LUIGI’S ID CARD • MA BADA BENE: IL GEN.SASS. NON SI USA SE IL POSSESSORE è UNA COSA: • THE ROOF OF THE HOUSE PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

13. DemonstrativesAGGETTIVI E PRONOMI DIMOSTRATIVI • INDICA VICINANZA A CHI PARLA: • THIS (QUESTO/A) THESE (QUESTI/E) • THIS BOOK, THESE PENCILS • INDICANO LONTANANZA • THAT (QUELLO/A) THOSE (QUELLI/E) • THAT PICTURE OVER THERE • THOSE TAXIS OVER THERE PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

14. 5 WH- + HOW • WHO? WHO IS YOUR FRIEND? • WHAT? WHAT DO YOU DO? • WHEN? WHEN IS THE DAPARTURE? • WHERE? WHERE ARE YOU FROM? • WHY? WHY ARE YOU LEAVING? • HOW? HOW TALL ARE YOU? • HOW OFTEN DO YOU TRAVEL? • HOW MUCH IS IT? • HOW MANY COINS HAVE YOU GOT? • HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO GET TO CATANIA? • HOW FAR IS IT? • HOW ABOUT/WHAT ABOUT GOING TO THE MUSEUM? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

15. PLACE PREPOSITIONS • AT AT THE BUS STOP, AT HOME, AT HARROD’S • IN IN THE PARK, IN ITALY, IN APRIL • ON ON THE DESK, ON THE 24TH OF APRIL • OVER OVER THE TABLE (SENZA CONTATTO FISICO) • ABOVE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, ABOVE ZERO • BELOW/UNDER UNDER THE TABLE, BELOW ZERO • BEHIND BEHIND THE OFFICE • NEAR/NEXT TO NEAR THE PEN, NEXT TO THE BAKER’S • OPPOSITE IT’S OPPOSITE THE SUPERMARKET • IN FRONT OF THE TAXI IS IN FRONT OF OUR HOUSE PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

16. PREPOSITIONS - CONTINUE • BETWEEN MAT IS BETWEEN Joe and Paula (FRA DUE) • AMONG MY LETTER IS AMONG YOUR BOOKS (FRA MOLTE COSE O PERSONE) • IN THE MIDDLE OF THE LAKE IS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PARK • AGAINST THE LADDER IS AGAINST THE WALL; MIKE IS AGAINST PETER • FROM… TO I WORK FROM 9 TO 5 WE TRAVEL FROM CATANIA TO LONDON PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

17. DIRECTIONS1 — Questions:• Excuse me - where is the post office, please?drugstore?bank?• Is the post office near here?• Is the post office far from here?• Where is the nearest hotel, please? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

18. 2— Giving directions:• It’s this way. / That way.• It’s on Second Avenue.• It’s next to the restaurant.• It’s on the corner of State and Fifth.• Just walk / drive on the corner and turn left / right.• Go / Walk straight ahead for two blocks.• It’s on the right / left.• It’s left at the corner.• It’s across from the park.• It’s between Main and High.• It’s three blocks away.• That’s a one-way street.• It’s behind / in front of the movies.Write some sentences :• How can I get to the post office from here?• Is there any bakery around here? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

19. VERBO CAN si usa come gli ausiliari essere ed avere (negativo can’t o cannot ed interrogativo “can I….?) e vuol dire “riuscire a fare una cosa o potere” oppure si può usare per chiedere il permesso di fare qualcosa:ex: I can play the guitar (pos.) I can’t speak English (neg.) Can I open the door, please? (quest.) Can you help me, please? (quest.) PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

20. AGGETTIVI E PRONOMI INDEFINITI • SOME, ANY, NO CORRISPONDONO A : QUALCHE, ALCUNI, UN Po’ DI, DEL , DELLE • SOME SI USA NELLE FRASI AFFERMATIVE O PER FARE OFFERTE O RICHIESTE: • THERE IS SOME MILK IN THE FRIDGE • WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE? • CAN I HAVE SOME WATER, PLEASE? • ANY SI USA NELLE FRASI INTERROG. O NEGAT. • ARE THERE ANY LETTERS FOR ME? • THERE ISN’T ANY COFFEE • NO CORRISPONDE A “NESSUNO, NIENTE” • I’VE GOT NO TIME, I’VE GOT NO SISTERS PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

21. SIMPLE PRESENTDOIDOESAffirmative Negative InterrogativeI watch TV I don’t watch TV Do I watch TV?You watch TV You don’t watch TV Do you watch TV? He watches TV He doesn’t watch TV Does he watch TV?She watches TV She doesn’t watch TV Does she watch TV? It watches TV it doesn’t watch TV Does it watch TV? we watch TVwe don’t watch Do we watch TV? you watch TV you don’t watch Do you watch TV? They watch TVThey don’t watch Do they watch TV? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

22. • DO I DOES are used in the Simple Present Tense in the Negative and Interrogative form when we don’t have Verb TO BE in the sentence• For I, YOU, WE, THEY use DO I DON’T.• For HE, SHE, IT ( = 3rd person) use DOES I DOESN’T.• In the affirmative S I ES or IES is added to the verb in the 3rd person, but in the Negative and in the interrogative the verb loses it because there’s the auxiliary verb (DOES / DOESN’T) indicating the 3rd person.Examples:Affirmative - She loves Michael. (She = 3rd person) Negative - She doesn’t love Michael Interrogative - Does she love Michael? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

23. • Generally, in the Simple Present Tense an S Is added to the verb in the 3rd person (He, She, it). Ex: I dance — She dances • When the verb ends in Y preceded by a consonant, it loses the Y and adds IES.Ex: I study — She studies • When the verb ends in Y preceded by a vowel just add an S to it. Ex: I play — She plays. • When the verb ends in SS, SH, CH, X, Z, add ES to it.Ex:I kiss – she kisses I brush— She brushesI watch – She watches I fix - She fixes They buzz – it buzzes• When the verb ends in O preceded by a consonant, add ES to it.Ex:I do — She does• When the verb ends in O preceded by a vowel, add S to it. Ex: I radio - She radios PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

24. SHORT ANSWERSIn English, you never answer only “yes” or “no”, but they are followed by the first 2 words of the question, in inverted order:example: Does she speak French? Yes, she does no, she doesn’t has he got a friend? Yes, he has no, he hasn’tException: when the question is addressed to “you”, the subject in the answer becomes “I”:ex: do you go to Rome? Yes, I do no, I don’t PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

25. Frequency adverbs • They are: Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never • They are always between subject and verb: ex. I always go to school I never play tennis Exception: with the verb “to be” Ex. I am always happy you are never late PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

26. PRESENT CONTINUOUS O ING FORM • SI USA PER AZIONI CHE SI STANNO SVOLGENDO IN QUESTO MOMENTO : NOW • SUBJ + TO BE + VERB+ ING • SUBJ + TO BE + NOT + VERB+ ING • TO BE + SUBJ + VERB+ ING • WHAT ARE YOU DOING? • I’M LISTENING TO THE LESSON • I’M NOT SPEAKING TO YOU • WHERE ARE YOU GOING? • I’M GOING TO ROME, I’M NOT GOING TO MILAN • WHO IS HE TALKING TO?HE’S TALKING TO ME • WHY IS SHE LEAVING? BECAUSE IT’S LATE PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

27. FUTURO INTENZIONALE(Going to)Si usa per esprimere l’intenzione futura di fare qualcosa e si costruisce come la ing form:positive: SUBJ + TO BE GOING TO+ VERBnegative: SUBJ+ TO BE NOT GOING TO+ VERBquestion form: TO BE+ SUBJ+ GOING TO + VERBex. I’m going to go to Rome tomorrowI’m going to play tennis this eveninghe’s not going to work this weekend are you going to go to Rome next Sunday? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

28. THE FUTURE: WILL • Il futuro semplice si costruisce con l’ausiliare will. Will si costruisce come gli ausiliari essere ed avere e come can: I will go to school tomorrow He will dance at the party, tonight The negative of “will” is “will not” or “won’t” You will not (won’t) eat this evening. She will not (won’t) meet her friend this weekend. Will you go to Rome next week? Will you work hard tomorrow? PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

29. SIMPLE PAST TO BE AND TO HAVE • I WAS I HAD • YOU WERE YOU HAD • HE WAS HE HAD • SHE WAS SHE HAD • IT WAS IT HAD • WE WERE WE HAD • YOU WERE YOU HAD • THEY WERE THEY HAD • In the negative form they add “NOT” and in the question form they invert the position of subj. And verb “were you….?” PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

30. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS • There are 2 kinds of verbs: • regular: for ex. to stay, to follow, to play, clean • Irregular: for ex. to eat, to drink, to go, to come, to speak The past simple and past participle of regular verbs end in “-ED” Ex: To clean cleaned cleaned The past simple and past participle of irregular verbs are always different. Ex. To eat ate eaten to go went gone You can find a list of irregular verbs on your dictionary. PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

31. SIMPLE PAST THE NEGATIVE FORM IS ALWAYS “DIDN’T” OR “DID NOT” THE QUESTION FORM IS “DID I…? DID YOU…? DID HE…? ETC.” PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

32. If sentences • Real Possibility: If I get home early, I will phone you If I go to England, I will bring you a present • Probability, imagining the situation: If I found $100, I would keep it If I knew her number, I would call her • Impossibility, regret that s.th has or hasn’t happened in the past: If I had known that, I would have gone away If I seen you, I would have said hello PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO

33. ALLEGATI PROF.SSA LUCIA PISTRITTO