Trogen, 2 July 2012

1. History of Development Cooperation Trogen, 2 July 2012

2. History of development cooperation Part 1 • From missionaries via colonialism to development cooperation • Second World War and Cold War • First development decades • Part 2 • Milestones of new architecture of development cooperation • Start of the development cooperation • The Third World in advance • The search for alternatives

3. UN Summit 2000, Millenium Development Goals (189 Staaten) „ The White Man‘s Burden“ (Rudyard Kipling, 1899) from mission work via colonialism toward development aid: a change in paradigm 1910, German Missionaries in South West Africa

4. Decolonisation - 3 possible explainations: 1. Changes in the european metropoles: Colonies became an economic burden, the colonial powers were weakened because of the 2. world war, the public opinion started to become opposed to colonialism ... and colonies (King Badouinin Congo)

5. Lumumbas Blood and Tears speech

6. Decolonisation - 3 possible explainations: 1. Changes in the european metropoles: Colonies became an economic burden, the colonial powers were weakened because of the 2. world war, the public opinion started to become opposed to colonialism ... 2. Emancipation movement and struggle for liberty and self-determination: Leading role of India (independance movement of Gandhi),African Nationalism (Senghor, Nkrumah etc...) 3. Geopolitical changes: New international relations after 2. World War, foundation of the UN, starting dominace of anti-colonialistic power USA and UDSSR, cold war

7. Independance of african and south/south east asian countriesafter 2. World War

8. The „Iron Curtain“ – the cold war 1960s – 1980s Sir Winston Churchill, March 1946: “From Stettin at the Baltic Sea to Triest at the Adria was laid an iron curtain through the continent .... that is not the liberated Europe for which we have fought"

9. Alliances during the Cold War

10. Marshall Plan (1947) of the late 40s • Massive Aid (over 100 billion US$ in today’s term for a ravaged Europe) • Reversed Security policy • Reversed Trade policy (from protectionism towards opening of markets) 4. From national sovereignity towards mutual governance systems Creation of the: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Worldbank) International Monetary Fund International Trade Organisation and the United Nations (1945)

11. The Bottom BillionWhy the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About it 1 BILLION PEOPLE live in 58  developing countries which   • show no economic growth and persisting poverty and no social progress since years • deteriorating development indicators The challenge of development cooperation!

12. Main points of the book 1. The term “bottom billion” refers to the roughly one billion people living in 58 developing countries

13. Bottom billion development traps bad governance in a small country no access to ports surrounded by bad neighbours

14. Main points of the book 1. The term “bottom billion” refers to the roughly one billion people living in 58 developing countries 2. Countries in the “bottom-billion” suffer from having fallen into one or more of four traps. no access to ports surrounded by bad neighbours bad governance in a small country • the “bottom-billion” have missed the economic boat • (private capital is not flowing to these countries except to exploit their natural resources.

15. Film Collier

16. Waterfront of effective development policy Aid Trade Security Governance • Film Collier

17. the 2. World War as turning point for international cooperation 1941: War objectives of the allied forces: Atlantic Charta - „four liberties“ of president Roosevelt (Januay 1941) freedom of: (1) expression, (2) opinion, (3) faith/religion and freedom from (4) misery and fear • right of self-determination for all people • free access to world trade for all people • international cooperation 1944: Conference of Dumbarton Oaks USA, GB, Sowjet Union and China agree on structure and content for a future UN (Charta, UN plenary meeting, security council, secretariat, international court) 1944/45: Foundation of the World Bank and International Money Fund 1945: Foundation of the UN 24th October 1945 (50 States) 1948: Declaration of Human Rights (UN)

18. The first decades: Construction phase of development aid organisations • UN: • 1945 FAO • 1946 UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO, • 1965 UN-Development Program (UNDP) • 1969 UNFPA.... • 1961 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) OECD/DAC: Development Assistance Committee of the OECD. • Bilateral Agencies:1961 USAID und Peace Corps, GTZ, DfTZ (→DEH→DEZA) • NGOs • many development-NGOs originated from humanitarian organisations during or immediately after 2. World War (e.g.: Oxfam 1942 and Care 1945), Kinderdorf Pestalozzi (european orphans after 2. World War)

19. Organisations of „Third-World-Countries“ • 1955: Asian – African Conference of Bandung Respect of Principles of: Non-Interference; peaceful coexistance; human rights; right of self-determination of people; imediate independance of all colonies. • Non-Aligned Movement – (NAM) 1961 Conference of Belgrad - • Princip of non-alignment to the eastern or western block • Independance from the „power“ blocks • Support to all colonies to achieve independance • important political platform of „Third World State“ especially inside the UN • Group 77 since 1967represents the position of „ Third World Countries“ inside the United NationsConference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) – close link to NAM

20. Liberation Theology: • 2. Concile of the vatican (1962-65) • Enzyklika Populorum Progressio (1967) • Latin american bishop conference in Medellin (1968): „Option for the poor“ Paolo Freire • Pedagogy of the Oppressed • Liberation by sensitisation • Functional Alphabetisation Revolution: Liberation by revolutionary change of the society Ernesto „Che“ Guevara Papst Johannes XXIII (1958-63) Example Latin America: Development as liberation / freedom

21. End of the Cold War (1989-1991) • Break up of the Soviet Union • wide disarmament and demilitisation • End of system concurrence and descreditation of the socialistique development model • End of political clientilism Fall of the Berlin wall (1989) New focus Alleviation of poverty and promotion of development

22. The start of „Global Governance“: UN-Conferences of the 90th UN gets more influence after „Cold War 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Environment and Development 1993, Vienna, Human Rights - 1. UN High Comissioner for Human Rights 1994, Cairo, Population and Development 1995, Copenhagen, Social Development and Beijing, Women 1996, Istanbul, Urbanisation (HABITAT II) and Rome, World Food Summit Half undernutrition by 2015....... Way towards MDGs • Importance of UN-Conferences for: • setting of Agendas • global targets and strategies • obtaining donor commmitments • participation of Civil Society and NGOs

23. Earth Summit – Rio 1992United Nations Conference on Environment and Development • SomeIssuesadressed: • systematicscrutinyofpatternsofproduction • Climatechange • alternative sourcesofenergy • growingscarcityofwater • Importantoutcomes: • Agreement on Climate Change andBiodiversityConvention • Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21

24. UN Action Plan for sustainable Development: Agenda 21 A comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken: globally, nationally and locally • Social and Economic Dimensionscombatting poverty, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, change population and sustainable settlement • Conservation and Management of Resources for Development • Strengthening the Role of Major Groups • Includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and workers. • Means of ImplementationScience, technology transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms.