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Review of Verbs

Review of Verbs. Basic Tense Formation and Meanings (See Mueller, 29-31). Present – stem + endings = “I am loosing” Future – stem + s + same endings as present = “I will loose” Imperfect – augment + stem + endings = “I was loosing” 1 aorist – augment + stem + s + endings = “I loosed”

dexter-mcknight
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Review of Verbs

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  1. Review of Verbs

  2. Basic Tense Formation and Meanings(See Mueller, 29-31) • Present – stem + endings = “I am loosing” • Future – stem + s + same endings as present = “I will loose” • Imperfect – augment + stem + endings = “I was loosing” • 1 aorist – augment + stem + s + endings = “I loosed” • 2 aorist – augment + irreg. stem + same endings as impf. (cf. e;lipon – Davis # 181) = “I left” • Perfect – reduplication + stem + k +endings = “I have loosed” • Pluperfect – (augment) + reduplication + stem + k + endings = “I had loosed” Forms of eivmi, - Mueller, 32

  3. Subjunctive(Mueller, 32-34) Formation: connecting vowel lengthens; aorist has no augment. Tenses express kind of action (continuing or punctiliar), not time. Uses of Subjunctive: • Purpose – i[na – “in order that one may…” (# 167). • Hortatory – 1st pl. – “Let us…” (# 174). • Deliberative – question – “What are we to do?” (# 194). • 3rd class condition – eva,n w/ subj. + fut. ind. (or other) – Condition undetermined but with prospect of determination - “If he comes, he will conquer.” (# 212) • Prohibition – mh, + aor. subj. – prohibition of action not yet begun – “Do not begin to…” (# 317). (Prohibition of continuing an action already begun requires Pres. Imperative.) 6. Emphatic future negation – ouv mh, with aor. subj. = “will never,” “will by no means.”

  4. Four Classes of Conditional Sentences • Condition determined as fulfilled (# 149) • Protasis: eiv + ind., Apodosis: ind. (or any mood) • If he came, he conquered. • Condition determined as unfulfilled (contrary to fact) (# 381) • Protasis: eiv + past tense ind., Apodosis: a;n + past tense ind. • If he had come, he would have conquered. • Condition undetermined but with prospect of determination (FMV) (# 212) • Protasis: eva,n + subj., Apodosis: fut. ind. (or any tense/mood) • If he comes, he will conquer. • Condition undetermined and with remote prospect of determination (FLV) (# 513) • Protasis: eiv + optative, Apodosis: a;n + optative • If he should come, he would conquer.

  5. Imperative(Mueller, 34-35) • Formation: no 1st person; distinctive endings (except 2nd pl.); no augment. • Translate as command: “loose” • 3rd person: “let him/them loose” • mh, + present imperative = prohibition of action already begun

  6. Infinitives(Mueller, 85-86) Formation: all infinitives have endings in ein or ai; no augments. Time element is remote; tenses express kind of action. Uses of infinitive: • Complementary – “to blank” • Substantive – construed with neuter article – don’t translate article (Davis, # 357 pt. 1c, 2b). • Indirect discourse – accusative of gen. ref. + inf. = “that…” (Davis, # 334). • le,gousin auvto.n me,nein) • “They say that he remains.” • “Subject” of infinitive is in accusative case. • Infinitive clauses: preposition + acc. of gen. ref. + inf. (see next slide).

  7. Infinitive Clauses (Davis, # 357, pt. 4) • Preposition + Infinitive + Accus. of Gen. Ref. • Prep. becomes subordinate conjunction. • pro, = before • dia, = because • meta, = after • eivj = in order that • evn = while • Infinitive becomes verb. • Accusative becomes subject. (Infinitives take “subject” in accusative case.) • tau/ta eivpon eivj to. mh. me,nein u`ma/j evn th/| a`marti,a| = I said these things in order that you might not remain in sin.

  8. Participle Usage 1. Attributive (# 244) – see Lesson 30 • Has article; modifies a noun. • Translate: “the blanking noun;” “the noun which blanks.” 2. Substantive (# 245) – see Lesson 30 • Has article; stands in place of understood noun. • Translate: “the blanking one;” “the one who blanks.” 3. Circumstantial (# 254, 256) • No article; makes additional statement. • First attempt: “Blanking/having blanked.” • Expansion: “While/after/because he blanked,” etc.

  9. Participle Usage – cont. 4. Genitive absolute (# 265) • No article (like circumstantial). • Participle and noun (or pronoun) in genitive case. • Disconnected from main clause. • Translation – similar to circumstantial: • First attempt: Participial phrase: “the noun having blanked...” • Expansion into subordinate clause: “While/after/because the noun blanked...” • Noun agreeing with part. becomes “subject.” (Noun in gen. case is translated as subject!) • Do NOT translate the genitive as “of”!!!!!!!!!

  10. Examples of Attributive and Substantive Participles • o` khru,sswn avpostolo,j $o` avpostolo.j o` khru,sswn% the preaching apostle; the apostle who is preaching • o` khru,sswn the one who preaches • to. ploi/on to. avgorazo,menon $to. avgorazo,menon ploi/on% the boat which is being bought • ta. blepo,mena the things which are seen • evn th|/ evlpi,di th/| menou,sh| $evn th/| menou,sh| evlpi,di% in the hope which abides

  11. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) • eivpw.n tau/ta avph/lqen) • eivpw.n agrees with understood “he.” • First attempt: “Having said these things, he departed.” • Expansion – if necessary for clarity: • Temporal: “When/after he said these things, he departed.” • Consecutive: “He said these things and departed.” • ivdw.n tau/ta evdo,xaze to.n qeo,n) • ivdw.n agrees with understood “he.” • First attempt: “Having seen these things, he was glorifying God.” • Temporal: “When/after he saw these things, he was glorifying God.” • Causal: “Because he saw these things, he was glorifying God.” • Consecutive: “He saw these things and was glorifying God.”

  12. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 3. eivpw.n tau/ta avpe,rcetai) • eivpw.n agrees with understood “he.” • First attempt: “Having said these things, he departs.” • Temporal: “When/after he said these things, he departs.” 4. pare,labon auvto.n eivpo,nta tau/ta) • eivpo,nta agrees with auvto.n. • First attempt: “They received him having said these things.” (Can’t leave it this way; unclear who said these things.) • Temporal: “They received him when/after he said these things.” • Causal: “They received himbecause he said these things.”

  13. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 5. tuflo.j w;n a;rti ble,pw) • w;n agrees with understood “I.” • First attempt: “Being blind, now I see.” • Concessive: “Whereas/although I was blind, now I see.” • Hymnic (?): “I once was blind but now I see.” 6. e;rcomai zhtw/n karpo,n) • zhtw/n agrees with understood “I.” • First attempt: “I come seeking fruit.” • Telic (purpose): “I come (in order) to seek fruit.”

  14. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 7. poreuo,menoi evkh,russon) • poreuo,menoi agrees with understood “they.” • First attempt: “Advancing (going), they were preaching.” • Temporal: “As/while they were advancing (going),they were preaching.” (Note: pres. part. translated past because finite verb is imperf.) 8. h;lqon zhtw/n ka,rpon) • zhtw/n agrees with understood “I.” • First attempt: “I came seeking fruit.” • Telic (purpose): “I came (in order) to seek fruit.” 9. u`polabw.n ei=pen) • u`polabw.n agrees with understood “he.” • First attempt: “Having answered (answering), he said.” • Consecutive: “He answered and said.” (Note: aor. part. here is simultaneous with finite verb.)

  15. Circumstantial vs. Genitive Absolute • Circumstantial – part. agrees with noun/pronoun in sentence. ei;pontej tau/ta avph/lqon oi` dou/loi)(circumstantial) • ei;pontej agrees with dou/loi (subject). • “Having said these things, the slaves departed.” • “After they said these things, the slaves departed.” 2. Gen. abs. – part. agrees with noun/pronoun having no grammatical connection to main clause. eivpo,ntwn tw/n maqhtw/n avph/lqon oi` dou/loi)(gen. abs.) • eivpo,ntwn agrees with maqhtw/n (no place in sentence). • “The disciples having said these things, the slaves departed.” • “After the disciples said these things, the slaves departed.” • NOT: “Of the disciples saying…” or “Of saying the disciples…”

  16. Examples of Genitive Absolute (# 265) • tau/ta eivpo,ntwn tw/n maqhtw/n oi` dou/loi h=lqon eivj to.n oi=kon) • eivpo,ntwn agrees with maqhtw/n (no place in sentence). • “The disciples having said these things, the slaves went into the house.” • “After the disciples said these things, the slaves went into the house.” • NOT: “Of the disciples saying…” or “Of saying the disciples…” • genome,nhj h`me,raj oi` poime,nej avph/lqon) • genome,nhj agrees with h`me,raj (no place in sentence). • “Day having come, the shepherds departed.” • “When day had come, the shepherds departed.” • NOT: “Of day having come” or “Of coming of day…”

  17. Examples of Genitive Absolute (# 265) 3. auvtou/ le,gontoj tau/ta oi` dou/loi avph/lqon) • le,gontoj agrees with auvtou/ (no place in sentence). • “He saying these things, the slaves departed.” (awkward) • “While he was saying these things, the slaves departed.” (Note: pres. part. translated past.) • NOT: “Of the disciples saying…” or “Of saying the disciples…” 4. e;ti a`martwlw/n o;ntwn h`mw/n Cristo.j u`pe.r h`mw/n avpe,qanen) • o;ntwn agrees with first h`mw/n (no place in sentence). • “We still being sinners, Christ died for us.” (awkward) • “While we were still sinners, Christ died for us.” (Note: pres. part. translated past.) • NOT: “Of sinners being us” or “Of us being sinners…”

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