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Microphones

Microphones. How they work!. Microphones transduce sound waves into electric energy – the audio signal. Sound Pickup - directionality. Omnidirectional Unidirectional. Omnidirectional. Hears well in ALL directions. Unidirectional. Hears well from ONE direction. Unidirectional.

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Microphones

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  1. Microphones

  2. How they work! • Microphones transduce sound waves into electric energy – the audio signal

  3. Sound Pickup - directionality • Omnidirectional • Unidirectional

  4. Omnidirectional • Hears well in ALL directions

  5. Unidirectional • Hears well from ONE direction

  6. Unidirectional • Cardioid – in front of and to the sides

  7. Unidirectional • Hypercardioid – in front of and long distance; shotgun mic

  8. How are Mics Made? • 3 types • Dynamic • Condenser • Ribbon

  9. Dynamic • Small coil in a magnetic field. • Movement of coil produces sound signal.

  10. Dynamic Facts • Most rugged • Handles loud sounds • Built in pop filter • Can withstand all weather • Can withstand occasional rough handling

  11. Condenser • Moveable plate (diaphragm) oscillates against a fixed plate

  12. Condenser Facts • Sensitive to physical shock • Sensitive to temperature • Generally used indoors • Prominent in music recording • Needs a power supply • Some have battery in housing • Some draw phantom power

  13. Ribbon • A tiny ribbon in a magnetic field

  14. Ribbon Facts • Highly sensitive • Used in audio-recording studios • Normally used to record string instruments • Too sensitive for video work

  15. How Mics Are Used • Proper positioning of mic to relative sound source is more important than what kind of mic it is. So mics are often identified by how they are used.

  16. Mics • Lavalier • Handheld • Boom • Desk/Stand • Headset • Wireless(radio)

  17. Lavalier Facts • Very small • Rugged • Omnidirectional • Primarily used for voice • Clipped to clothes • Good quality

  18. Handheld Facts • Used when talent needs to control sound • Handled by talent

  19. Boom Facts • Used to keep mic out of picture • Suspended from fishpole or big boom • Usually super- or hyper-cardioid shotgun mic

  20. Desk/Stand Facts • Handhelds mounted on stands • Used for performers in a fixed position

  21. Headset Facts • Used by sportscaster or talent announcing live events • Combines headset with mic and earphones that carry split audio • Program sound in one ear • Production instruction in other ear

  22. Wireless (radio) Facts • Broadcast signal from transmitter to receiver • Most popular handheld for singers

  23. Lavalier Advantages • Talent is hands-free • Distance from mic to source doesn’t change • No special lighting concerns • Talent has freer movement

  24. Lavalier Disadvantages • Can’t move mic closer to mouth in noisy situations • Need separate mic for each sound source • May pickup clothing rubbing sounds • Sound perspective can be messed up

  25. Handheld Advantages • A talent can move mic closer to mouth • Talent can point it at person speaking • Need only a single mic for multiple sources • Singer can control intimacy of sound

  26. Handheld Disadvantages • Inexperienced talent may block faces • Talent may aim mic incorrectly • Talent’s hands aren’t free

  27. Boom Advantages • Mic can be aimed at main sound • Picks up sound from a distance

  28. Boom Disadvantages • Can have noisy handling if not attached properly • Long fishpoles are heavy & difficult to handle • Must have a long enough mic cable • Boom may cast unwanted shadows • Studio boom is large and take up space • Operating a boom is as difficult as operating the camera

  29. Desk/Stand Advantages • One mic can pickup multiple sources • Quality of mics on stand can vary depending on use of mic

  30. Desk/Stand Disadvantages • People are less careful • Use omnidirectional and dynamic • User may pull mic to them after careful placement

  31. Headset Advantages • Hands free • Can hear director instructions • Can hear program audio

  32. Headset Disadvantages • Useful in only a few applications • Sports • Live events

  33. Wireless(radio) Advantages • Performer unrestricted by cable • Wireless lav can be used to pickup nat sound (ex. Bicyclist)

  34. Wireless (radio) Disadvantages • Signal pickup depends on talent’s relationship to receiver • Can pickup interference from other wireless devices

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