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American Indian Policy

American Indian Policy. The History of Sovereign Nations in dealings with the United States. Sovereignty . Sovereignty is: The ability of a group to act as an independent nation Make own laws Conduct own business without approval . Policy in Stages (1770-Today).

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American Indian Policy

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  1. American Indian Policy The History of Sovereign Nations in dealings with the United States

  2. Sovereignty • Sovereignty is: • The ability of a group to act as an independent nation • Make own laws • Conduct own business without approval

  3. Policy in Stages (1770-Today) • 1770: Sovereign Nation to Sovereign Nation • Treaties were signed • 1830: Removal • 1850: Reservations • 1870: Assimilation • 1930: Indian self-rule • 1950: Termination • 1960: Self-determination • 1988: Self-determination/self-governance

  4. 1770- 1820: Sovereignty • Promotion of civilization • Open trade • Territorial boundaries established • Treaties • Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) • Doctrine of “Discovery”

  5. 1830-1850: Removal • Broken treaties • Removal was voluntary but coerced • Cherokee “Trail of Tears” • Federalism under attack • Who had jurisdiction? Federal gov or State gov? • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia • Worcester v. Georgia • “Domestic Dependent Nations”

  6. 1850-1890: Reservation Discovery of Gold/Continued Expansion • Homestead Act 1862 • Reservations • Allotment • Allotment Act (Dawes Act) 1887 • Indian Agents • Restrictions • Constraints on hunting, ceremonial dances

  7. 1870-1930: Assimilation • Boarding Schools • Christian names • English • Trade Schools • Meriam Report • Churches/Missions Native American Enlistment in WWI US Citizenship 1924

  8. 1930-1950: Indian Self-Rule • Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) 1934 • Attempt to preserve, protect and support tribal art, culture and social organizations and traditions • Main goal was to stop the loss of tribal land • 25% of Native American men enlist in WWII-highest percentage of any group

  9. 1950-1960: Termination • 1945-1960 the Federal Government terminated 109 tribes. • The belief was that tribes were acculturated and no longer needed the government as their ‘trustee’ • 1.3 million acres of land and impacted 11,000 + people • Terminated benefits and support services for tribes • Now under state law • Mass movement from tribal family groups to urban centers to seek employment

  10. 1960-1988: Self-determination • Fishing rights • AIM • Occupation of Alcatraz (1969) • Trail of Broken Treaties (1973) • Occupation of Wounded Knee (1973) • Marches, boycotts, demonstration • Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)

  11. 1988-today: Self-determination & self-governance • 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act • 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act • Obama: Tribal Leaders’ Summit • 2009 and 2011

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