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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. ENERGY METABOLISM & BODY TEMPERATURE. § 1. Energy metabolism  Introduction & definition S ubstantial metabolism Assimilation metabolism Dissimilation metabolism (catabolism) E nergy metabolism.  Energy sources & utilization

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 ENERGY METABOLISM & BODY TEMPERATURE § 1. Energy metabolism Introduction & definition Substantialmetabolism Assimilation metabolism Dissimilation metabolism (catabolism) Energy metabolism

  2. Energy sources & utilization *Energy sources of living organisms Direct donator of energy: ATP Reserve form of energy: CP Energy sources: food Glucose(1 mol): aerobic glycolysis yields 38 mol ATP; anaerobic glycolysis yields 2 mol ATP Fat: 1 mol 6C fatty acid yield 44 mol ATP Protein: rarely used as energy donator

  3. *Energy transfer & utilization More than 50% transfer to heat, Less than 50% store in the ATP & CP Utilization: synthesis & growth never conduction muscular contraction glandular secretion active absorption etc.

  4. Energy source, reserve, transfer & utilization

  5. Measuring the metabolic rate *Direct calorimetry *Indirect calorimetry Principle: The law of constant proportions Several related concepts Thermal equivalent of food Thermal equivalent of oxygen Respiratory quotient (RQ) Classical & simple measurement O2 consumption & CO2 production measuring Closed & opened measurement

  6. Thermal equivalent, Thermal equivalent of oxygen & Respiratory quotient (RQ) of 3 main nutritional substances

  7. Direct calorimetry

  8. Indirect calorimetry

  9.  Factors affecting energy metabolism Exercises Concept of oxygen debt Nervous Thinking peacefully & anxious Food specific dynamic effect Environmental temperature Others: age, sex, circadian rhythm, hormones, diseases, etc.

  10.  Basal metabolism & Basal metabolic Rate (BMR) *Definition & Law of body surface area *Under what condition BMR can be measured? In theEarly morning Arousal condition Lie down peacefully with noexercises No nervous Have a good sleep last night Fasting for over 12 h Room temperature at 20~25 ℃

  11. *Measurement NPRQ=0.82; NPTEO=20.18 kJ/L; BMR=20.18 kJ/LVo2/(m2·h) or MV: measuring volume; SV: standard volume *Physiological variation & clinical significances Physiological variation: age, sex, metabolic level Clinical significances: assistant to diagnosis of some diseases, especially for thyroid dysfunction

  12. Clinical significance of BMR

  13. § 2. Body temperature & its regulation  Normal temperature(about 37℃) *Core & shell temperature * Definition of body temperature in physiology *Measurement: oral cavity, rectum, axilla, etc.  Physiological variation of the body temperature Circadian rhythm (biorhythm & biological clock), Sex, Age, Emotion & Exercises, Influences of season & district  Skin temperature & mean skin temperature

  14. Distribution of human body temperature in different environment temperature

  15.  Thermogenesis & thermolysis *Thermogenesis & its regulation Basal metabolism, Food specific dynamic effect, Muscular motility, Shivering & non-shivering thermogenesis Regulation:Thyroid & other hormones Sympathetic nerve, NA & A *Thermolyesis & its regulation Radiation, Conduction & Convection Insensible perspiration & Sweating Regulation:Secretion of sweat Skin circulation

  16.  Regulation of body temperature *Thermoceptor Periphery: Cold & warm receptor Distribute in the skin, mucosa & viscus Center: Cold- & warm-sensitive neurons Distribute in the spinal cord, reticular formation of brain stem, hypothalamus, etc., especially in the PO/AH *Regulatory center: PO/AH *Theory of set point

  17. Autonomic control in body temperature regulation

  18. Discharge frequency of hermal sensitive neurons-temperature in local barin curve

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