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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration. Interest Grabber. Section 9-1. Feel the Burn Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

  2. Interest Grabber Section 9-1 • Feel the Burn • Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose,a six-carbon sugar. 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slowrun? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changesin how you feel? 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could youkeep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer. Go to Section:

  3. I. Chemical Pathways***Food serves as a source of raw materials for molecular synthesis and energy

  4. A. Chemical Energy and Food • 1 g glucose when burned in the presence of O2 releases 3811 calories of heat energy. • A _______________is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g water 1 degree C. • The calorie used on food labels is a kilocalorie,or 1000 calories calorie

  5. Cells don’t “burn” glucose.Instead,they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds. • Begins w/ __________________________-a pathway that releases a small amount of energy .If O2 is present,it turns to 2 other pathways that release a lot of energy ---and if O2 is not present,glycolysis is followed by another pathway. glycolysis

  6. ChemicalPathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) Go to Section:

  7. Final steps of cellular respiration takes place in the _________________ mitochondrion

  8. Overview of Cellular Respiration • In the presence of O2,Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain .

  9. Glycolysis,electron transport chain and Kreb’s cycle make up___________________-the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food in the presence of O2 • Glycolysis equation:_________________________ • Requires O2 ,food and gives off CO2 ,water and energy • The cell has to find a way to trap these little bits of energy to make ATP 6 CO2+ C6H12O6- 6 O2 + 6 H2O + energy Cellular respiration

  10. Section 9-1 Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Go to Section:

  11. Glycolysis= process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in ½ ,producing 2 molecules of _________________,a 3-C compound Pyruvic acid

  12. Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain Go to Section:

  13. Glycolysis Process • 1) ATP Production • 2 molecules of _____ used @ beginning/4 molecules ATP are produced @ end-net gain of 2 molecules ATP

  14. 2- NADH Production • 4 high energy molecules are removed and passed onto electron carrier _____________-nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide-these accept a pair of high energy electrons making ________________ and it passes • electrons onto next molecule.Energy is passed from glucose to other pathways. • Process is fast so ATP is produced –a lot in a short amount of time. • Does not require O2 • A problem:when a lot of ATP is made from glycolysis-NAD+ fills w/electrons and w/o NAD+,glycolysis stops Nad+ nadh

  15. D. Fermentation • Follows glycolysis if O2 is not present • _______________releases energy from food molecules by making ATP in the Absence of O2. • Cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing electrons to _____________acid.This coverts NADH back to carrier NAD+,allowing glycolysis to continue • Called__________because it does not require O2 Fermentation Pyruvic acid anaerobic

  16. Types of Fermentation • 1) Alcoholic Fermentation • Used by___________________ • Ethyl alcohol and CO2 are made as waste • Pyruvic acid + NADH-- alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ • Causes bread dough to rise due to _____ CO2 Yeasts and other microorganisms

  17. 2) Lactic Acid Fermentation • Fermentation that uses pyruvic acid produced to convert to lactic acid • Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue • Pyruvic acid + NADH-- lactic acid + NAD+ • Produced in muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough ___ to the tissues.(for ATP production) • Causes a painful burning sensation • Unicellular organisms also produce lactic acid as a waste during fermentation…..eg .prokaryotes in yogurt production,buttermilk,sauerkraut… O2

  18. Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid Go to Section:

  19. Interest Grabber Section 9-2 • Rolling and Folding • Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve? • To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity. Go to Section:

  20. Interest Grabber continued Section 9-2 • 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? • 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? • 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the firstsheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? • 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion? Go to Section:

  21. Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle ElectronTransportChain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) Go to Section:

  22. A. The Kreb’s Cycle • During the Kreb’s Cycle,pyruvic acid is broken down into ______ in a series of energy-extracting steps • Because ________________is the 1st compound formed,it is also called ___________________. Citric acid CO2 Citric acid cycle

  23. 1) Begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the _________________. • 1 C-atom pyruvic acid becomes part of CO2 and gets released into the air. • 2) Citric acid is broken down into a 4-C molecule,more CO2 is released,and _________________are transferred to energy carriers electrons mitochondrion

  24. For each turn of the cycle,a molecule similar to ADP is converted into a molecule similar to ATP. • Electron carrier NAD+ changes to ____________ • Electron carrier FAD(flavine adenine dinucleotide) changes to _________________ FADH2 NADH

  25. What happens to each of the Kreb’s Cycle Products? • CO2 released is the source of all CO2 you exhale • __________produced directly can be used for cellular activities • In the presence of O2,high-energy electrons from electron carriers are used to make large amounts of ATP. ATP

  26. Kreb’s Cycle Section 9-2 Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion Go to Section:

  27. B. Electron Transport • Kreb’s Cycle produces high-energy electrons passed to NADH and FADH2 • These electrons are passed from the electron carriers to _______________________,which uses high energy electrons from Kreb’s cycle to convert ADP into ATP Electron Transport Chain

  28. High energy electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2 are passed along electron transport chain • In eukaryotes,the chain is composed of carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. • In prokaryotes,the same chain is in the ____________________ • At the end of the chain,an enzyme combines these electrons w/H+ ions and O2 to form __________ • O2,then ,serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain,getting rid of wastes(low energy electrons and H+ ions.) Cell membrane H2O

  29. 2) Every time 2 high energy electrons transport down the transport chain,their energy is used to transport H+ across the membrane…..H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space making it positive…. and the other side is negative. • 3) How does the cell use the charge difference?....The inner membranes of mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthase….As H+ ions escape into the proteins,the enzyme rotates,adding phosphate to low energy ADP to make _____. ATP

  30. On the average,each pair of high energy electrons moves down the chain,providing enough energy to make 3 ATP from 3 ADP.

  31. Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production Go to Section:

  32. The totals • Glycolysis makes 2 ATP for each glucose molecule • w/o O2,that’s all the energy extracted • w/ O2,the Kreb’s Cycle and the transport chain make 34 more ATP(36 molecules total,counting glycolsis)----18 x as much • These 36 molecules of ATP are 38% the total energy in glucose…actually efficient • The other 62 % is released as _______________---one reason why you feel warmer after exercise heat

  33. D.Energy and Exercise • Glycolysis covers a few seconds of a runners run • Next –lactic acid fermentation produces ATP w/o O2 present • At end of race,runner breathes extra to use O2 to help rid body of lactic acid • For long term energy(eg. Cross-country running),cellular respiration releases a continual supply of ATP • Muscles store _____________ that help out w/ about 20 min. of activity • After that,stored fats are broken down glycogen

  34. E. Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration • __________________deposits energy by making glucose • ____________________withdraws energy by breaking down glucose • Photosynthesis removes CO2 from atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. • Photosynthesis releases ____ into atmosphere and Cellular Respiration uses it to release energy from food. • Cellular Respiration happens in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes and________________________only happens in plants ,algae and some bacteria. O2 Cellular respiration photosynthesis photosynthesis

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