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To produce a kilogram of honey requires 100,000 loads of nectar

Honey math. To produce a kilogram of honey requires 100,000 loads of nectar 100,000 loads of nectar = visits to 10 million individual flowers 10 million visits to individual flowers = 400,000 km in flight 400,000 km in flight = twice the earth’s circumference. http://www.honey.com/.

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To produce a kilogram of honey requires 100,000 loads of nectar

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  1. Honey math To produce a kilogram of honey requires 100,000 loads of nectar 100,000 loads of nectar = visits to 10 million individual flowers 10 million visits to individual flowers = 400,000 km in flight 400,000 km in flight = twice the earth’s circumference http://www.honey.com/

  2. Honey stomach http://www.jayadeva.com/beexray2.jpg

  3. Nectar is transferred from the forager to a worker in the hive via mouth-to-mouth exchange (trophallaxis) In the hive, workers repeatedly regurgitate the nectar 100 to 200 times, to allow it to evaporate

  4. Invertase converts sucrose into glucose and fructose

  5. Steps in honey-making 2. regurgitation, concentration and biochemical conversion 3. storing in comb and capping 4. returning for more nectar 1.gathering nectar from flowers honeybee.org.au/wonderfulhoney/ images/Page4-5.jpg

  6. Components of honey • Vitamins and minerals • Ascorbic acid • Beta-carotene • Tocopherols • Ca, P, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg • Enzymes • Catalase • Peroxidase • Glucose oxidase • Sugars -- Glucose -- Fructose -- Sucrose -- Some oligosaccharides • Secondary metabolites • Alkaloids • Flavonoids • Organic acids • Phenolics

  7. Toxins found in honey • Terpenoids (e.g., andromedotoxin from rhododendron) • Alkaloids (e.g., pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort) • Botulinum toxin (from bacterial spores)

  8. Honey hunting scene from the Cave of the Spiders, 6000 BC

  9. Egyptian clay hives 2400-500 BC

  10. 400 BC- 1 AD Greek kept bees inpottery hives, ridged to provide surface for comb 1 AD-300 AD Romans kept bees in at least nine different kinds of hives, including log, wicker, dung, wood, and clay

  11. Roman soldiers carried honey in their medical kits

  12. Virgil (Georgics Book IV.1.317) The shepherd Aristaeus, son of Apollo and the water nymph Cyrene, and first instructor in the art of bee management

  13. Medieval skep ca. 1200 AD-- the world’s first upright hive

  14. ”Driving the bees”

  15. Nutt collateral hive. 19th century Greek top-bar hive, 17th century Leaf hive, 1789 (Francis Huber) outdoorplace.org/beekeeping/ graphics/Hive.gif

  16. Reverend L. L. Langstroth, inventor of the movable frame hive, 1851

  17. “Bee space” = approx. 0.25-0.375 inch nanaimo.ark.com/~cberube/ images/5-4.jpg

  18. Langstroth hive

  19. Commercially desirable attributes of honey • it tastes sweet (baking industry, medicine) • it’s hygroscopic (baking industry, cosmetics) • it can contain antibacterial and antioxidant agents (nutraceutical)

  20. Honey facts and figures Q: How many honey bee colonies are managed in the United States? A: Approximately 2.5 million colonies Q : How many beekeepers?A: About 2400 keep bees as their principal occupation, but over 125,000 people keep bees. Q: Which states lead the nation in honey production? A: California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Florida, and Minnesota Q: How much honey does the average colony produce? A: About 40 kg (about 80 lb) of honey per colony, and 9 to 18 kg (20 to 40 lb) of beeswax for every ton of honey harvested. Q: How much honey is produced in North America every year: A:From 150,000 to 200,000 metric tons a year. Q: Which nations are the leading producers of honey? A: China, the United States, Argentina, Ukraine, and Mexico Q: Which nations are the leading exporters? A: China, Argentina, and Mexico. Q: Which are the leading importers? A: Germany, the United States, and Japan. . http://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/bees/beekeeping/

  21. 1 pound of wax = ten pounds of honey mitsurou.com/gif/8zoom.gif

  22. Attributes of wax that make it useful • it has a low melting point (150 degrees) (so it’s a good lubricant) • its melting point is high enough that it can resist weathering • it repels water (so it’s good for waterproofing • it’s nonpoisonous (so it’s good for cosmetics, ointments, and food products

  23. Candles Waterproofing Lost wax bronze Batik Pysanky

  24. www.jonesbee.com/ images/QUEEN.gif

  25. Propolis--”bee glue” made by honey bees from flavonoid- rich resins collected from poplar andother trees

  26. Artepillin C, a component of Brazilian honey, is an efficient antioxidant xlink.rsc.org/

  27. Varroa mite Tracheal mite

  28. Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Nitidulidae), discovered in Florida in 1998 http://www.msstate.edu/Entomology/Beekeeping/small%20hive%20beetle.jpg

  29. Small hive beetles… • feed on stored pollen and honey • burrow as larvae through the comb • uncap the cells and defecate into the honey, making it unattractive (to say the least) to the bees • cause honey to ferment

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