Power Electronics

Power Electronics Unit IV Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of Electronics & Telecomm. Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engg, Shegaon – 444203 vnbhonge@rediffmail.com

SSGMCE Shegaon Unit V: Chopper and Cycloconverter Basic principles of chopper, time ratio control and current limit control techniques, voltage commutated chopper ckt., Jones chopper, step-up chopper and AC chopper. Basic principle of cycloconverter, single phase to single phase cycloconverter. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Introduction SSGMCE Shegaon • Chopper is a static device. • A variable dc voltage is obtained from a constant dc voltage source. • Also known as dc-to-dc converter. • Widely used for motor control. • Also used in regenerative braking. • Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth control. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

APPLICATIONS SSGMCE Shegaon • Widely used for motor control. • Also used in regenerative braking. • Switched-mode power supply (SMPS) • battery chargers Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Chopper SSGMCE Shegaon Definition: Converting the unregulated DC input to a controlled DC output with a desired voltage level. General block diagram: Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Types of Choppers are SSGMCE Shegaon Two Types: 1) Step-down choppers. 2) Step-up choppers. • In step down chopper output voltage is less than input voltage. • In step up chopper output voltage is more than input voltage. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Principle Of Step-down Chopper SSGMCE Shegaon A step-down chopper with resistive load. • The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch. • When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across the load • When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will be zero. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Waveforms: SSGMCE Shegaon Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

SSGMCE Shegaon Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Output voltage as function of duty cycle Output voltage varies linearly with duty cycle. It is possible to control output voltage from zero to Vi as duty cycle varies from zero to 1. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Chopper Control Technique SSGMCE Shegaon The operation of thyriststor can be controlled in the following two ways 1) Time Ratio Control (TRC). 2) Current Limit Control (CLC) Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Time Ratio Control (TRC). SSGMCE Shegaon The output dc voltage can be varied by the following methods. Types of Time Ratio Control (TRC). 1) Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation. 2) Variable frequency control. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

1) Constant frequency operation(Pulse Width Modulation) SSGMCE Shegaon • tON is varied keeping chopping frequency ‘f’ & chopping period ‘T’ constant. • Output voltage is varied by varying the ON time tON Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

2) Variable Frequency Control SSGMCE Shegaon • Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied keeping either tONor tOFF constant. • To obtain full output voltage range, frequency has to be varied over a wide range. • This method produces harmonics in the output and for large tOFFload current may become discontinuous Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Methods for varing Average Output Voltage Pulse-Width Modulation Pulse-Frequency Modulation • Pulse width TON is varied while overall switching period is kept constant. • Pulse width TON is kept constant while the period (frequency) is varied.

Performance Parameters SSGMCE Shegaon • The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to turn ON and turn OFF. • Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min. & max. value, limiting the min. and max. value of the output voltage. • Ripple in the load current depends inversely on the chopping frequency, f. • To reduce the load ripple current, frequency should be as high as possible. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Problem-1 SSGMCE Shegaon • A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the conduction period of the thyristor in each cycle. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Problem-2 SSGMCE Shegaon Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The output required is 600 V. If the conducting time of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute i) Chopping frequency, ii) If the pulse width is halved for constant frequency of operation, find the new output voltage. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Problem-3 SSGMCE Shegaon A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%, determine the average output voltage and the chopper on time. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Problem-4 SSGMCE Shegaon In a dc chopper, the average load current is 30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and OFF periods of the chopper if the load resistance is 2 ohms. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Problem-5 SSGMCE Shegaon A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of R = 10 and input voltage of V = 200 V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle is 60%, determine i) Average output voltage ii) RMS value of output voltage iii) Effective input resistance of chopper iv) Chopper efficiency. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Solution: SSGMCE Shegaon Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Voltage Commuted chopperHenman’s Chopper(Oscillation Chopper) SSGMCE Shegaon Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

SSGMCE Shegaon To start the circuit, capacitor ‘C’ is initially charged with polarity (with plate ‘a’ positive) by triggering the thyristor T2. Capacitor ‘C’ gets charged through VS, C, T2and load. As the charging current decays to zero thyristor T2will be turned-off. With capacitor charged with plate ‘a’ positive the circuit is ready for operation. Assume that the load current remains constant during the commutation process. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

SSGMCE Shegaon • For convenience the chopper operation is divided into five modes. • Mode-1 • Mode-2 • Mode-3 • Mode-4 • Mode-5 Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Mode-1 Operation SSGMCE Shegaon • Thyristor T1is fired at t = 0. • The supply voltage comes across the load. • Load current IL flows through T1and load. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

SSGMCE Shegaon At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1, L1, & ‘C’ and the capacitor reverses its voltage. This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by diode D1. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Mode-2 Operation SSGMCE Shegaon • Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1. • When T2 is ON capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and turns if off. • The capacitor discharges through the load from –V to 0. • Discharge time is known as circuit turn-off time. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

SSGMCE Shegaon Capacitor recharges back to the supply voltage (with plate ‘a’ positive). This time is called the recharging time and is given by The total time required for the capacitor to discharge and recharge is called the commutation time and it is given by • At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged to VSand the free wheeling diode starts conducting. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Mode-3 Operation SSGMCE Shegaon • FWD starts conducting and the load current decays. • The energy stored in source inductance LS is transferred to capacitor. • Hence capacitor charges to a voltage higher than supply voltage, T2 naturally turns off. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Mode-4 Operation SSGMCE Shegaon Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

SSGMCE Shegaon Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply voltage. Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction. Hence capacitor current becomes negative. The capacitor discharges through LS, VS, FWD, D1 and L. When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop conducting and the capacitor voltage will be same as the supply voltage Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Mode-5 Operation SSGMCE Shegaon • Both thyristors are off and the load current flows through the FWD. • This mode will end once thyristor T1 is fired. Dept. of E & T Prof. V. N. Bhonge

Power Electronics