Ocean Accounts Linking the SEEA-CF

1. Ocean AccountsLinking the SEEA-CF

2. Outline Outline • Learning objectives • Review of basics (5 min.) • Level 1 What? why? (compilers) • Concepts (15 min.) • Group exercise and discussion (30 min.) • Level 2 • Data sources, country examples and issues (15 min.) • Group exercise and discussion (15 min.) • Closing discussion (10 min.) Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

3. 1. Learning Objectives Learning objectives • Recommended reading: • SEEA CF • SEEA CF training modules: • Physical Flows • Water Supply and Use • Water Emissions • Solid Waste • Activity Accounts • Prerequisites: • Introduction to Environment Statistics • Introduction to Ocean Accounts • Level 1 • Understand how the SEEA-CF can be applied to the ocean • Understand the contributions of mineral & energy assets, water (supply/use, emissions), solid waste accounts • Learn the steps of disaggregating SEEA-CF accounts to the ocean • Level 2 • Understand the common data options and sources • Understand the important conceptual issues • Be aware of how other countries have applied SEEA-CF to the ocean Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

4. 2. Basic concepts In the news… Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

5. 2. Basic concepts Ocean accounts – Table view Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

6. 2. Basic concepts Basic concepts • SEEA stocks and flows • Asset accounts • Physical flow (supply/use) accounts • Monetary flow accounts Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

7. 2. Basic concepts SEEA: Stocks and flows Environment Economy Production Consumption Accumulation Imports Exports Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

8. 2. Basic concepts SEEA: Stocks and flows Environment Economy Production Consumption Accumulation Imports Exports P = Price (monetary value) Q = Quantity (physical) Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

9. 2. Basic concepts Asset Accounts Assets (= stocks; physical and monetary): • Mineral and energy resources • Land, Forest • Soil • Timber • Aquatic resources • Other biological resources • Water How to apply to the ocean? Some in ocean “Land” includes coastal and marine Eroded soil flows to the ocean Mangrove stocks Marine plants & animals stocks Flows from/to sea Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

10. 2. Basic concepts Physical flow accounts Supply/use of… • Materials(extract, harvest, capture  consume) • Material flows (through economy) to final demand (e.g., GHGs) • Water • Energy • Residuals • Air emissions • Water emissions • Wastes (generated and used/recycled) How to apply to the ocean? Ocean minerals, fish Sea water Wave, tidal, wind Climate & acidification Land-based & marinesources Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

11. 3. SEEA CF The supply/use chain Products supplied by production and imports used by intermediate consumption, households, accumulation and exports Total supply Natural inputs supplied by environment  used by extraction, harvesting, capture industries Residuals supplied (generated) by all used by collection & treatment, accumulation, export and environment = Total use Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

12. 2. Basic concepts Monetary flow accounts • Environmental protection expenditures (demand side) • Environmental goods and services sector (supply side) • Resource use and management expenditures • Environmentally-related payments by & to government (fines, fees, taxes, subsidies, concession payments) Distinguish in government and SNA How to apply to the ocean? Expenditures on marine protected areas Marine protection service industry Fisheries subsidies insurance, compensation Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

13. 2. Basic concepts How to… Note: SEEA Land, Timber, Forest, in Ecosystems (Extent and Condition) module Seawater is not an asset (why?) • Assets • Minerals • Georeference stocks to distinguish terrestrial, coastal and marine • Aquatic resources (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic mammals, aquatic plants) • Distinguish freshwater, coastal, marine • in SEEA Ecosystems as biodiversity accounts (commercial & other) • Flows • Distinguish freshwater/coastal/marine: • Extraction of materials (minerals, biomass) • Harvest of fish, crustaceans, sea plants • Capture of energy • Distinguish residuals flowing to sea • Wastewater, water effluents, solid waste (including hazardous) Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

14. 3. SEEA CF Mineral and energy assets Known, non-commercial, potential and commercial Land | coastal | marine • No international statistical classification • Don’t forget salt, sand & dissolved minerals! Opening stock Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

15. 3. SEEA CF Mineral and energy assets Land | coastal | marine Commerciallyrecoverable Opening stock + additions – reductions = closing stock Additions Reductions Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

16. 3. SEEA CF Mineral and energy assets Land | coastal | marine Calculate monetary value of stocks, based on current rate and “rent” (market value – cost of production) Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

17. 3. SEEA CF Mineral and energy assets • Challenges • Distinguishing mineral deposits by land, coastal, marine • One deposit may be under land and ocean • Ideally, would map the deposit and allocate • Suggest allocating to point of extraction • Distinguishing value and cost of production by land, coastal, marine • Corporations may report aggregated value and costs Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

18. 3. SEEA CF Land assets Mostly interested in coastal and marine “cover” and “use” but need geospatial concepts: • drainage basin • hydrology to allocate • Wastewater • Water effluents • Solid waste to ocean area Wilayah Maritim = Maritime Region DM = Maritime Area Suggest integrating EEZ, marine areas, shoreline, drainage basins, land cover, in one “land account”. Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

19. 3. SEEA CF Aquatic resources Aquatic resources can be further grouped into the following nine divisions: 1. Freshwater fishes 2. Diadromous fishes (partially in freshwater and partially in sea water) 3. Marine fishes 4. Crustaceans 5. Molluscs 6. Whales, seals and other aquatic mammals 7. Miscellaneous aquatic animals 8. Miscellaneous aquatic animal products 9. Aquatic plants Further distinguish by freshwater, coastal, marine Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

20. 3. SEEA CF Aquatic resources - Physical More detail on types as required Estimated tonnes of stock Additions Reductions This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Fixed assets = for breeding Inventories = for harvest Why no total? Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

21. 3. SEEA CF Aquatic resources - Monetary More detail on types as required Estimated value of stock Additions Reductions Note total Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

22. 3. SEEA CF Flows (Supply and Use) • Materials from ocean • Biomass: aquatic resources • Metal ores • Non-metallic mineral ores (including salt, sand) • Fossil fuels • Energy • Wind, wave, tidal… • Water • Use of seawater in desalination, cooling, cleaning… • Residuals • Wastewater • Water emissions • Solid waste Covered in “Ocean Services” module Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

23. 3. SEEA CF Allocate residuals to drainage basin • Agree on Drainage Basins • Allocate population, industry, agriculture, mining, tourism… • Estimate wastewater to sea • Water use: Return flows to the environment • Estimate water emissions to sea • Supply of gross releases of substances • Use of gross releases of substances (sewerage) • Estimate solid waste to sea • Solid waste use: flows of solid waste to the environment Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

24. 3. SEEA CF Water Supply and Use & Wastewater Could simplify for ocean: include direct to sea (e.g., sewerage, agriculture, …) rivers | ocean Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

25. What does a Water Emissions Account look like? • Start with gross volumes of water released (m3): • To establish flows to environment or to treatment • SEEA Water Supply/Use provides estimates of volumes of water treated and discharged • Include • Point sources: sewerage facilities, power plants, industry • Non-point sources: urban runoff, agriculture • Estimate quantities of substances • From concentrations • From “factors” (e.g., per household per day, per m3 effluent) Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

26. What does a Water Emissions Account look like? • Select relevant substances (tonnes) • BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand (organic substances) • COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand (inorganic substances) • Suspended Solids (things you can see) (a.k.a. TSS) • Phosphorous (nutrient) (a.k.a. TP) • Nitrogen (nutrient) (a.k.a. TN, or TKN) • Note: Solid wastes dumped into water are in Solid Waste Account • For each, account for • Supply: • Gross releases of substances (tonnes): • Releases to other economic units • Use: • Emissions received by the environment • Collection by other economic units Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

27. The supply-use chain for water emissions Release after treatment Direct releases To sewage Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

28. What does a Water Emissions Account look like? Physical supply • Emissions are direct discharge to the environment • Releases to other economic units are amounts sent for treatment • How much BOD/COD do households generate? • What % is untreated? • What industry is generating all this? Agriculture | mining | tourism… Direct To sewerage 2,712 + 8,950 = 11,662 2,712/11,662 = 23% Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

29. What does a Water Emissions Account look like? Land | rivers | coast Physical use • Emissions received are total discharge to the environment • Collection by other economic units are amounts sent for treatment If the sewerage industry Collects 16,887 T BOD/COD and Emits 5,994 T (previous slide) Where does the rest (10,893T) go?  Solid waste! Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

30. 3. SEEA CF What does a Solid Waste account look like? Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

31. 3. Level 1 Definitions • Solid Waste: discarded materials that are no longer required by the owner or user: • Chemical and health-care waste • Radioactive waste • Metallic waste • Other recyclables • Discarded equipment and vehicles • Animal and vegetal wastes • Mixed residential and commercial waste • Mineral wastes and soil • Combustion wastes • Other wastes Detailed list from European Waste Classification EWC-Stat (SEEA-CF pp 301-303) What is missing? What could be suggested? What about plastics? SEEA-CF - Solid waste accounting

32. 3. Level 1 Physical Supply and Use Table Land | rivers | coast Use Generation/Supply  Few suppliers of solid waste but many different users  SEEA-CF - Solid waste accounting

33. Progress and recommendations • SEEA Land, Water and Solid Waste Accounts in many countries • Recommendations • Agree on hydrology map to identify drainage areas • For wastewater, water emissions and solid waste: • Start with national totals for priority residuals • Allocate non-point sources to drainage area by proportion of population and activity • Allocate point sources to drainage area by point source (e.g., landfills, sewer outlets) Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

34. 4. Level 2 Discussion • Do you already have an NSDI (OneMap) or MSDI? • Do you already have a Marine Spatial Plan (MSP)? • Is it “comprehensive” (all EEZ, all uses…)? • What is the spatial framework (grid, biomes, use areas…)? • What are your relevant marine and coastal ecosystem types? Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF

35. References References • Bordt, M., & Saner, M. (2019). Which ecosystems provide which services? A meta-analysis of nine selected ecosystem services assessments. One Ecosystem, 4, e31420. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.4.e31420 • CICES. 2018. Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. https://cices.eu/ • ESCAP. 2018. Asia and the Pacific Regional Expert Workshop on Ocean Accounts. https://www.unescap.org/events/asia-and-pacific-regional-expert-workshop-ocean-accounts • ESCAP Resource Platform on Environment Statistics. http://communities.unescap.org/environment-statistics • UNSD et al. 2014. SEEA Central Framework. https://seea.un.org/content/seea-central-framework. • UNSD et al. 2014. SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. https://seea.un.org/ecosystem-accounting. • UNSD et al. 2017. Technical Recommendations for Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. https://seea.un.org/news/publication-technical-recommendations-experimental-ecosystem-accounting Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use

36. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements • Materials prepared by: • Michael Bordt, Teerapong Praphotjanaporn, Lyutong Cai ESCAP Statistics Division bordt@un.org • Materials adapted from: Ocean Accounts - Linking SEEA CF