MAGREB

1. MAGREB

3. S A H E L

4. Before the slave trade- • There were prosperous trade routes connecting African communities and other people groups.

5. AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

10. EAST AFRICA

13. The Berlin Conference • Conference of European powers 1884-85. • Purpose was to divide Africa among them. • Borders were decided without consideration of tribal boundaries.

14. COLONIAL AFRICA

15. More direct rule by France, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium. Africans kept out of government Indirect rule by Britain. Africans allowed to run local governments and community affairs. Final authority rested with British There was more direct rule by France, Portugal, Germany, and Belgium . African were kept out of government affairs. The British ruled more indirectly and allowed Africans to run local and community affairs. Final authority, however, rested with the British. Education not encouraged and there was little no training in government.

16. . Boundaries of colonial powers became boundaries of new nations with no consideration for diverse ethnic and tribal groups. Different languages, religions, and customs of these groups were placed into these boundaries.

17. Valuable minerals and timber were stripped away by colonial powers while economic development of Africa itself was ignored. Many African countries have adopted the language, customs, and religion of their former colonial ruler. Colonial rule may have raised the standard of living in some parts of Africa. Railroads were built into the interior to transport minerals and goods to be shipped.

18. There are about 1000 languages spoken in Africa

19. TRIBES OF MALI

20. DIVERSE CULTURES • Religions • Islam mainly in north, along eastern Africa and western in the Sahel • Christianity in West, Central, East and Southern Africa largely due to influence of European powers and missionaries • Animism-throughout sub-sahara , west, east and south

21. ANIMISM • Ordinary things in nature – sky, rivers, trees, animals—all contain gods or spirits.

22. Ancestor worship • Emphasizes the influence of the deceased relatives on the living • May pray to the “departed” for blessings on the living including rain, fertility and happiness • Reverence for the dead

23. DESERTIFICATION OF THE SAHEL

24. THE SAHEL-West and Central Africa • Area that lies between the Sahara Desert in the north and the tropical rain forests • Mostly savanna with semiarid climate • Human-environment interaction: people have changed the environment through overgrazing and deforestation • Desertification is occurring in this area • Desertification refers to the transformation of arable land into desert by natural or human intervention.

25. CONFLICT

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27. WAR IN DEMOCRATIC OF CONGO 1998-2003 During this time, estimated 3.3 millions died JOSEPH KABILA Current Leader

28. Democratic Republic of Congo Namibia Zimbabwe Angola Mai Mai Chad Hutu aligned forces Uganda Rwanda Burundi Movement for the Liberation of Congo Congolese Rally for Democracy Tutsi aligned forces Combatants Tentative peace: Withdrawal of Ugandan and Rwandan troops and peace deal with internal combatants

29. Mobutu Sese Seko was leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo 1965-1997. Stabilized country, but his rule was repressive and corrupt. Rule became known as “kleptocracy” because his administration stole billions from export earnings and Western aid.

30. WAR IN SUDAN • SUDAN HAS HAD 17 YEARS OF WARFARE • SINCE 1983, NEARLY 5 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY CIVIL WAR. • AMONG THESE WERE AT LEAST 20,000 BOYS WHO WERE SEPARATED FROM THEIR FAMILIES

31. Ranked #1 Worst Dictator in the WorldOmar Al-Bashir of Sudan 1989-Present Routinely bombs civilians and kills non- Muslims He provides sanctuary for terrorists and then turns against them in return for aid.

33. JANJAWEED –MEN ON HORSEBACK have attacked black Africans and have driven them from their homes.

34. ARDAMATA REFUGEE CAMP- Where many homeless have fled.

36. Lost boys of Sudan- some have been re- located to the U.S.

37. LOST BOYS • Beginning in 1987, thousands of these boys were driven from their homes and walked enormous distances seeking refuge from forcible conscription. • They walked to Ethiopia to seek refuge, but a change in government forced them to flee back into Sudan where they received help from the Red Cross.

38. From there they traveled by foot to a refugee camp in Kenya. UNICEF has reunited 1,200 boys with their families and others have been sponsored by organizations in the U.S.

39. SOMALIA

40. U.S. military involvement 1992-1994 • Initiallly helped with relief efforts to get food to starving citizens. Food was being taken by rival warlords and not getting to those who needed the food most (est. 80% of the food was stolen. • U.S. military, aided by Malaysian and • Pakistani U.N. forces, became involved • with the struggle for power between warlords in • Somalia.

41. In October, 1994, U.S. led an operation to capture leaders of Mohammed Aidid’s militia. The overall operation did not succeed. Special U.S. forces disengaged from Somalia in 1994.

42. SOMALIA HAS CONTINUED TO BE WITHOUT A RECOGNIZED CENTRAL GOVERNMENT FOR 12 YEARS. DROUGHT AND FAILED CROPS HAVE RESULTED IN ANOTHER FAMINE IN . PARTS OF SOMALIA THIS YEAR.

43. Troops from Ethiopia, Uganda, and the African Union have become involved in fighting. The Union of Islamic Courts, which has control of some parts of Somalia, does not want intervention.

44. UGANDA Conflict between the (LRA) Lord’s Resistance Armyand the national Government army since 1987

45. Two women whose lips had been cut off by the LRA socialize in the Gulu district.

46. Rated # 9 of the World’s Worst Dictators Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe 1980-present

47. Mugabe confiscated farms owned by whites and gave them to his supporters. • Production has dropped dramatically because supporters do not know how to manage the farms. • Has killed or tortured and displaced more than 70,000 persons.