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Chaeyoon Lim ( University of Wisconsin – Madison) October, 2017 Pew Research Center

Explore the dynamic shifts in religious affiliations in South Korea over three decades, including a significant decline in Buddhism, Catholicism's uncertain future, and the rise of those claiming no religion. Discover the age, period, and cohort patterns influencing these changes.

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Chaeyoon Lim ( University of Wisconsin – Madison) October, 2017 Pew Research Center

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  1. What is happening to religion in S. Korea? Age, period, and cohort patterns of religious change in the past three decades Chaeyoon Lim (University of Wisconsin – Madison) October, 2017 Pew Research Center

  2. Census 1985 - 2015 • Sharp decline of % Buddhist • Wild swing of % Catholic • Protestant standing their ground • Rise of None • A big change for a decade

  3. Are These Changes Real?

  4. Two-step question (except for 1985) Do you have religion? (If you have a religion) What is your religion? Several notable changes over time in procedure Layout of the questionnaire changed (2005 was unique) Response options changed (Protestant & Catholic vs. Christian (Protestant) & Christian (Catholic)) Sample (20%) and web survey in 2015 Proxy response Measuring Religious Affiliation in Census

  5. Trends in KGSS 2003-2014

  6. % Protestant in National Surveys vs Census Data: 48 national surveys between1982 and 2015, including WVS, Gallup, ISDPR, KGSS, ABS, GAP(N = 55,784)

  7. % Catholic in National Surveys vs Census Data: 48 national surveys between1982 and 2015, including WVS, Gallup, ISDPR, KGSS, ABS, GAP(N = 55,784)

  8. % Buddhist in National Surveys vs Census Data: 48 national surveys between1982 and 2015, including WVS, Gallup, ISDPR, KGSS, ABS, GAP(N = 55,784)

  9. % No Religion in National Surveys vs Census Data: 48 national surveys between1982 and 2015, including WVS, Gallup, ISDPR, KGSS, ABS, GAP(N = 55,784)

  10. Large variations in survey estimates, even in the same year or in the same source Particularly Buddhism Sample estimates not centered on the Census numbers According to the survey estimates (with uncertainty), Steady growth of Protestant (Stagnant in recent years?) Post-2010 decline of Buddhist Post-2010 increase of no religion (at the expense of Buddhist?) No clear trend for Catholic Some Observations

  11. What Is Driving These Changes?Age, Period, Cohort

  12. % Buddhists in KLIPS W1, W12, W17 Data: Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (1998 – 2015)

  13. % Protestant in KLIPS W1, W12, W17 Data: Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (1998 – 2015)

  14. % Catholic in KLIPS W1, W12, W17 Data: Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (1998 – 2015)

  15. % No Religion in KLIPS W1, W12, W17 Data: Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (1998 – 2015)

  16. Declining Buddhist: Cohort & Period effects Stable Protestant (might even be growing slightly): Age or life-course effects among older cohorts Uncertainty in how Catholic is doing: depending on life-course effects among younger cohorts Rise of None: Cohort & Period effects Some Observations

  17. How Stable Is Religious Identity in Korea?

  18. (In)stability of Religious Identification Data: Korean Labor & Income Panel Study Based on all panel respondents who completed Waves 12 to 17 (N = 9,696) “Always” = Identify with the religion in all six waves “At least once” = Identify with the religion at least in one wave

  19. Religious Identification: Latent Class Analysis Data: Korean Labor & Income Panel Study Based on all panel respondents who completed Waves 12 to 17 (N = 9,696) Latent class analysis with four classes

  20. High level of uncertainty, especially among Buddhists About a half of Cluster 1 & 2 swing back and forth between Buddhism & No religion Protestant identity most stable; Catholic identity (surprisingly) unstable Some Observations

  21. Declining Buddhism (age/period, cohort); stabilizing Protestantism; Catholicism probably in decline (mainly cohort effect but uncertain future) High level of within-cohort change over life course Age and/or Period effects Weak/fluid religious identity (Buddhist & Catholic) Probably contributing to the high variance among surveys and to the census vs. survey discrepancy Discussion

  22. The Census numbers may not be the “true” parameters for surveys Beyond the “what is your religion” question Taking demography seriously: rapid demographic changes in the past decades. Discussion

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