The Spread of the Renaissance to Northern Europe

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Renaissance Spreads North Philosophers and Writers Artists The Northern Renaissance

2. The Northern Renaissance Main Idea Renaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade, travel, and printed material, influencing the art and ideas of the north. • Reading Focus • How did the Renaissance spread to northern Europe? • What contributions did writers and philosophers make to the northern Renaissance? • How did the works of northern artists differ from those of the Italian Renaissance?

3. Trading Goods Trading Ideas • As cities grew, vast trading network spread across northern Europe • Network dominated by Hanseatic League, merchant organization, 1200s to 1400s • Protected members from pirates, other hazards • Built lighthouses, trained ship captains • Northern Europeans traded ideas, goods; spread Italian Renaissance north • Fleeing violence, Italian artists brought humanist ideas, painting techniques north • Northern scholars traveled to Italy, brought ideas home • Universities started in France, Netherlands, Germany The Renaissance Spreads North Trade, the movement of artists and scholars, and the development of printing helped spread Renaissance ideas north from Italy.

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5. Witness History Audio: An Expanding World The Renaissance and Reformation The Printing Revolution The invention of the printing press helped to spread the Renaissance. Books began to pour onto the market and more people learned to read. Section 2: The Renaissance in the North Northern Renaissance Artists Flanders was the first place in northern Europe to experience the Renaissance. Some of the most important painters in the north were Jan van Eyck, Peter Paul Rubens, and Albrecht Dürer. Color Transparency 80: The Renaissance 1 of 7

6. A Book Revolution • Printing Press • Mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg cast letters of alphabet on metal plates, locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printing • Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known • Printed Word Available to More • Before only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking process • With movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaper • Easier access to books prompted more people to learn to read • Italics • Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible • Printers soon appeared in other cities, made books quickly, inexpensively • Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas

7. Find the Main Idea How did Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe? Answer(s): Ideas were exchanged through trade; artists and scholars traveled between Italy and the north; printing press allowed easier bookmaking; ideas spread with printed material.

8. Northern Humanists Northern European scholars also followed Humanism, but they applied it to religious themes. Dutch priest Desiderius Erasmus called for a translation of the bible into the languages of ordinary people. Sir Thomas More wrote of a utopian society where people could live in peace and harmony. The Renaissance and Reformation Writers For a New Audience Writers began to write in language that was understandable to the average person. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays that are still popular today. Section 2: The Renaissance in the North Note Taking Transparency 102 QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 2 of 7

9. Desiderius Erasmus Sir Thomas More Christine de Pisan • Combined Christian ideas, humanism • Wrote of pure, simple Christian life, educating children • Fanned flames of discontent • Roman Catholic Church censored, condemned works • More’s best-known work, Utopia, contains criticisms of English government, society • Presents vision of perfect, non-existent society based on reason • Italian-born writer focused on role of women in society • Grew up in French court of Charles V; turned to writing when widowed • Championed equality, education for women Philosophers and Writers Northern humanists expressed their own ideas Combined interests of theology, fiction and history Created philosophical works, novels, dramas, and poems

10. Spread Renaissance Ideas William Shakespeare • Use of language, choice of themes made plays appealing even to uneducated • Plays helped spread ideas of Renaissance to mass audience • Focused on lives of realistic characters, unlike morality plays • By Shakespeare’s death, 1616, London scene of thriving theatre district • Many believe English playwright WilliamShakespeare greatest writer • Plots not original, but treatments of them masterful • Drew inspiration from ancient, contemporary literature • Knowledge of natural science, humanist topics expressed in plays Shakespeare and His Characters

11. Summarize What are some characteristics of Renaissance writers’ work? Answer(s): expressed humanist ideas, scientific knowledge, realistic experiences, and social conditions

12. Like literary counterparts, northern European artists influenced by Italian Renaissance Adopted Italian techniques Works reflected more realistic view of humanity Italian artists tried to capture beauty of Greek, Roman gods in paintings Northern artists tried to depict people as they really were Artists

13. Flemish School Everyday Life • Artists of Netherlands developed own style, Flemish School • Used technique perfected by Jan van Eyck, 1400s • Fused the everyday with religious; lit candle represents God’s presence • 1500s, Pieter Brueghel the Elder used Italian techniques • Paintings showed scenes from everyday peasant life • Different from mythological scenes of Italian paintings Dürer and Others • 1400s, German artist Albrecht Dürer visited Italy • On return, used Italian techniques of realism, perspective • Oil paintings exhibit features unique to northern Renaissance • Oils reproduced textures; reflection of objects, scenes outside window

14. Contrast How did northern Renaissance artwork differ from that of Italian artists? Answer(s): depicted everyday objects, people as they actually were

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