The process of labelling

1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3CJM_4bW9g Stop and search The process of labelling • Stereotypical criminal/deviant • Sensitisation • Selective policing – Lambert/ Sutherland/Becker/ Cicourel/ Kalven and Zaesel

2. The process of labelling

3. Edwin M Lemert: Edwin Lemert argues there are two types of deviance: primary and secondary. Primary deviance Secondary deviance sensitisation Societal reaction amplification http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neQsn1Z4NB4&feature=youtu.be

4. Primary and secondary deviance Primary deviance refers to deviant acts that haven’t been publically labelled as deviant. These have little effect on a person’s status or identity and as a result primary deviants do not see themselves as deviant Secondary deviance is the result of society labelling an action. Being caught and publically labelled as a criminal can result in them being stigmatized in normal society. This can lead to discrimination and prejudice.

5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsRI7S_TQ_I&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWsRI7S_TQ_I&app=desktop Meet the burglars Labelling process • A label is attached by police and courts. 2. Label becomes a master status –overrides other status as sibling, friend etc. 4. Self-fulfilling prophecy – whether the label was true or not we act in accordance with it. This confirms peoples beliefs about the label being true. 3. The labelled person accepts the label – because how we see ourselves relies on how others see us.

6. Symbolic Interactionism – so much to answer for… George Herbert Mead http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFQIIM8IRZU example of Mead Create your own example to illustrate Mead and Blumer’s ideas!

7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M279taSj8cI Erving Goffman According to Erving Goffman;Humans are ACTIVE and KNOWLEDGABLE they devise their own CONDUCT• GUIDE and CONTROL how others see them• Are different in social settings than alone• Are social CON ARTISTS Dramaturgy: • The THEATHRICAL REPRESENTATION of life consists of the FRONT stage and BACK stage• Uses IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT as a tool ‘ASYLUMS’ ‘STIGMA’

8. Cooley: ‘Looking-glass self’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E66iDghFkg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ql0XPwtfFGY&feature=youtu.be

9. The effects of labelling • Influences the self-concept • ‘looking glass self’ (Charles Cooley) • Self fulfilling prophecy • The master status and SFP • Primary/secondary deviance

10. The self concept transforms • We absorb the label once labelled • The deviance is amplified Notting Hill Hippies Jock Young

11. TASK: Hungry Caterpillar Place all the key terms from last lesson to form a caterpillar. Then write a paragraph underneath explaining how they link together.

12. Deviance Amplification • How deviance is increased (amplified) through societal reaction • Main focus is on role of the MASS MEDIA • Can refer to general idea of interaction and increased deviance

13. The implications of the deviance amplification idea • Society creates greater levels of deviance • The mass media are a problem • The mass media are not neutral and they sensationalise • The mass media influences public opinion, the role of police, courts and politicians • The mass media affects an individual’s self concept • The individual deviant is not to blame – there are no single causes like poverty, socialisation etc

14. Folk Devils & Moral Panics • Media and youth subcultures • The media is a vehicle for re-establishing social order • The media exaggerates a social problem (moral panic) • It identifies a source of the problem (folk devil) • It tries to help eliminate the problem Stan Cohen

15. Deviance amplification cycle Social problem Deviant act Group identified as cause Proof Media exaggerates (Folk devil) Find more cases (moral panic) Police/courts (sensitised) Societal reaction

16. Stan Cohen • Mods and rockers 1964 • Newspaper report fights • Selective policing • More arrests/harsher punishments • More young people attracted to it

17. Other moral panics • Black muggings • Single parent families • Asylum seekers • Joy riding • ACID and ‘rave culture’ • HIV and AIDS • Travellers/Gypsies • Jews in Nazi Germany

18. Consolidation Using material from the previous ppt slides show your understanding of the deviance amplification process. Focus on: • Societal reaction/sensitisation • Stereotyping/expectations • Effects on self-concept of young people • How the media ‘amplified’ deviance • The effect of the media on the public, police, politicians and courts • The way that ‘subcultures’ are created and reinforced • Use examples from the modern day as well as the Mods and Rockers

19. Further studies • Armstrong and Fishman – Glasgow election • Fishman – New York Muggings • Stuart Hall – Policing the Crisis

20. Positivist approach Man is shaped by social forces Reality is external and objective We can measure the causes of crime A minority are driven to deviance Interpretivistic approach Man is shaped by ideas and meanings Reality is internal and subjective We cannot measure the causes of crime Most people engage in deviance How positivist/structural and interpretivist/action ideas differ

21. THINK! How do social action theories differ to structural theories?

22. Stuart Hall – Policing the Crisis • Neo Marxist CCCS • Crisis in hegemony • Targeted black youth – mugging moral panic • Sensitisation – selective policing – Suss laws

23. Advantages of Labelling Theory • It does not treat official statistics as fact • It rejects the idea that deviants are different to ‘normal’ people • It questions the effectiveness of policing, the courts and punishment • It raises the issue of power • It considers the impact of the mass media • It highlights the bias in law enforcement • It considers societal reaction and the effects on individuals

24. Disadvantages of Labelling Theory • Its over-romantic • Too much focus on exotic deviance • Ignores the origins of deviant acts • There is absolute deviance • It uses labelling in a deterministic way • More attention needed on the behaviour that produced the label • Deviants can adopt identity without being labelled • Not explore fully capitalism and economic power

25. What other theories say… • Functionalism etc • Challenge the idea • Absolute deviance – set normal standards • Media must dramatise and make public deviance to reinforce common values • Police and courts are neutral • Law making is neutral – reflects shared values • There are causes of deviance that can be measured

26. Marxism • Share idea of biased laws and selective policing • Much overlap in Neo-marxism (New Criminology/CCCS) • Traditional Marxism is though more structural and deterministic • More attention on the economy (capitalism) needed

27. Synoptic – education Labelling in the classroom – SFP Stereotypes in resources – affects on self concept Whose curriculum? Who shapes it?

28. Synoptic links - family • Gender socialisation • Politics of the family (Laing and mental health) • Single parent families • Gay households • Social construction of childhood and old age

29. Interactionism Doesn’t focus on the structures of society but how people and society interact and how this affects criminal behaviour. Howard Becker Focuses on the process of a person and act getting labelled as deviant. He argues that no act is intrinsically deviant but relies on its context to determine its acceptability. Examples: nudity, injecting oneself even murder. • Labelling process • A label is attached by police and courts. • Label becomes a master status –overrides other status as sibling, friend etc. • The labelled person accepts the label – because how we see ourselves relies on how others see us. • Self-fulfilling prophecy – whether the label was true or not we act in accordance with it. This confirms peoples beliefs about the label being true. Deviancy amplification spiral This idea says that sensationalist reporting by the newspapers distorts the act of crime or deviance and increases public awareness. Public pressure is put on the police and courts to act. This creates a moral panic where certain acts or groups are seen as a threat to social order. Interactionism – Labelling theory Stanley Cohen Cohen studied how the media has often demonised youth culture. This happened to mods and Rockers in 1964 who were seen as modern day folk devils who threatened social order. His research found that actual acts of deviance were minimal.

30. Question…. “ Evaluate the claim that both the nature and extent of deviance is socially constructed”