Supplementing for Better Health: The Role of Nutrients and Membrane Transport

1. Chapter 3 Is it Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better Health? Nutrients and Membrane Transport 0

2. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Nutrients: substances in foods that provide structural materials or energy Macronutrients: nutrients that are required in large amounts Water Adults need about 3 liters per day Too little leads to dehydration Maintains blood pressure Involved in all cellular activities

3. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Carbohydrates: main energy source Simple sugars (glucose) enter our system quickly Complex carbohydrates (branching chains of simple sugars) are digested more slowly Starch: complex carbohydrate from plants Glycogen: complex carbohydrate from animals

4. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Processed food Food that has undergo processing that has stripped it of its nutritional value Whole foods Foods that have not been stripped of their nutrition Fiber: indigestible complex carbohydrates Essential for large intestine function Lowers cholesterol and reduces cancer risk

5. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Proteins Polymers of amino acids Essential amino acids: we cannot make these ourselves; must obtain them from food Complete proteins: contain all the essential amino acids we need Plant proteins can be combined to make them complete.

6. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Fats Energy storage molecules Acts as a cushion and insulator Consist of a glycerol attached to fatty acid tails Essential fatty acids: we cannot make these ourselves (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6)

7. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Fats Saturated fats: fatty acid carbons are bound to as much hydrogen as possible Lack double bonds Solid at room temperature Most animal fats are saturated

8. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Fats Unsaturated fats are not bound to as much hydrogen as possible Contain double bonds which give kinks in the tails Liquid at room temperature Most plant fats (oils) are unsaturated or polyunsaturated

9. 1 Nutrients - Macronutrients Fats Polyunsaturated fats Have many double bonds preventing it from tightly packing Hydrogenation Process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to make it a solid Transfats are produced by incomplete hydrogenation and not beneficial May be linked to an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes

10. 1 Nutrients - Micronutrients Micronutrients: nutrients that are needed in small quantities Vitamins: Table 3.1 lists the various vitamins organic substances which usually function as coenzymes Vitamin D the only one we can synthesize Water-soluble vitamins Not stored in the body and typically the cause of deficiencies Fat-soluble vitamins Stored in fat and can cause problems in excess

11. 1 Nutrients - Micronutrients Minerals: inorganic substances Do not contain carbon but essential for cell functions Must be supplied through diet and are water soluble Calcium is a very important mineral that plays a role in bones, clotting, muscle contraction and nerve impulses Table 3.2 lists the various minerals and their functions

12. 1 Nutrients - Micronutrients Antioxidants Found in whole foods Protect cells from damage by free radicals Free radicals can damage DNA and cell membranes Table 3.3 describes food sources of antioxidants

13. 2 Transport Across Membranes Nutrients have to move across the cell membrane in order to be used by the cell. Plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer & is differentially permeable

14. 2 Transport Across Membranes Diffusion: movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration Passive transport: diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules without energy

15. 2 Transport Across Membranes Facilitated diffusion: transport of hydrophilic and charged molecules across the membrane. Uses proteins embedded in the membrane No input of energy required

16. 2 Transport Across Membranes Osmosis: movement of water across a membrane, from high to low concentration. When an animal cell is placed in salt water it will shrivel When an animal cell is placed in distilled water it will swell and burst

17. 2 Transport Across Membranes Active transport Uses proteins to move molecules from low to high concentration Powered by energy from ATP

18. 2 Transport Across Membranes Exocytosis: a membrane-bound vesicle fuses with the membrane and expels the large molecule Endocytosis: a vesicle forms around a large molecule and brings it into the cell

19. Animation: Passive and Active Transport Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”

20. Animation: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”

21. BioFlix: Membrane Transport

22. 2 You are what you eat Food is digested into building blocks used by cells for various functions and structures

23. What serves as the major source of energy for cells? water molecules carbohydrates dietary fiber proteins

24. What serves as the major source of energy for cells? water molecules carbohydrates dietary fiber proteins

25. Which of the following describes a processed food? foods that have been stripped of most of their nutritional value foods that have not been stripped of their nutritional value foods that are also called roughage and cannot be digested foods that have additional vitamins and minerals added

26. Which of the following describes a processed food? foods that have been stripped of most of their nutritional value foods that have not been stripped of their nutritional value foods that are also called roughage and cannot be digested foods that have additional vitamins and minerals added

27. A fatty acid tail contains carbon that is double bonded to hydrogen. Which of the following statements correctly describes this structure? This is an example of a saturated fat. The double bonds flatten the structure. This is an unsaturated fat and would be liquid at room temperature. This would be a solid at room temperature.

28. A fatty acid tail contains carbon that is double bonded to hydrogen. Which of the following statements correctly describes this structure? This is an example of a saturated fat. The double bonds flatten the structure. This is an unsaturated fat and would be liquid at room temperature. This would be a solid at room temperature.

29. What is the only vitamin our cells can synthesize? vitamin A vitamin B vitamin C vitamin D

30. What is the only vitamin our cells can synthesize? vitamin A vitamin B vitamin C vitamin D

31. Charged amino acids enter the cell through _____. passive diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion exocytosis

32. Charged amino acids enter the cell through _____. passive diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion exocytosis

33. If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell, then osmosis will cause water to move into the cell. osmosis will cause water to move out of the cell. osmosis will not cause any water to move. osmosis will cause the to burst.

34. If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell, then osmosis will cause water to move into the cell. osmosis will cause water to move out of the cell. osmosis will not cause any water to move. osmosis will cause the to burst.

35. Which of the following statements is correct? K+ will move from high concentration to low concentration; ATP is used. K+ will move from low concentration to high concentration; ATP is used. K+ will move from high concentration to low concentration; ATP is not used. K+ will move from low concentration to high concentration; ATP is not used.

36. Which of the following statements is correct? K+ will move from high concentration to low concentration; ATP is used. K+ will move from low concentration to high concentration; ATP is used. K+ will move from high concentration to low concentration; ATP is not used. K+ will move from low concentration to high concentration; ATP is not used.