1 / 36

Inputs

FEE so far. Inputs. Production Consumption Decomposition Element cycling. Ecosystem. Outputs. Energy flow Chemical transformation The extended physics of biota. Fundamentals of Ecosystem Ecology . Monday January 14, 2013, AM Physical Ecosystem Engineering by Organisms Clive G. Jones.

dianne
Download Presentation

Inputs

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. FEE so far Inputs Production Consumption Decomposition Element cycling Ecosystem Outputs Energy flow Chemical transformation The extended physics of biota

  2. Fundamentals of Ecosystem Ecology. Monday January 14, 2013, AM Physical Ecosystem Engineering by Organisms Clive G. Jones How organisms physically alter the abiotic environment & the consequences for them, other species, other ecological processes & interactions, & ecosystem & landscape functioning

  3. Two of countless examples Beaver →Dams → Hydrology, sediments → Biogeochemistry, habitat http://www.outdoorescapesnewhampshire.com/Photos/BeaverDam.jpg http://ci.marysville.wa.us/publicworks/swm/docs/beaver_files/Beaver%20Pic.jpg

  4. Coral reefs → Wave attenuation → Refugia http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00183/How%20Hurricanes%20Impact%20the%20Reef.htm

  5. Xxxxx→Xxxxxx→Xxxxxx→ Xxxxxxx

  6. Outline • Ecosystem Context • Cause-Effect, Time & Space • Identity & Ecosystem Functioning • Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology

  7. A place with all the living & non-living interacting – Tansley 1935 • Abiotic > Abiotic: Physical & chemical processes • e.g., erosion & deposition (material vectoring), … ; redox, precipitation, hydrolysis, … • Biotic > Biotic: Direct energy, material, information transfer • e.g., predator-prey, trophic mutualism, biotic resource competition, pollination, … • Abiotic > Biotic: Conditions & resources – ‘Abiotic Determinism’ • e.g., climate, topography, parent materials, pH, salinity, redox… • Biotic > Abiotic: • Assimilation & dissimilation (uptake & ‘waste’ transfers) – Trophic • e.g., plant nutrient uptake & OM production, urine, feces, microbial mineralization • Physical ecosystem engineering process – Non-trophic • e.g., beaver dam & pond, root macropore & drainage, coral reef wave attenuation … • All Interacting • e.g., nutrient cycling; direct abiotic resource competition; physical ecosystem engineering consequence (biogeochemical heterogeneity, habitat, engineer feedbacks,…); …

  8. Controls on ecosystem structure & functioning Abiotic Determinism ABIOTA BIOTA Assimilation & Dissimilation Physical Ecosystem Engineering Physical & Chemical Processes Direct Energy, Material, & Information Transfers • Also see: Weathers, K. C., Ewing, H. A., Jones, C. G., and Strayer, D. L. 2012. Controls on ecosystem structure and function. Pp 215-232 (Chpt. 11) In: Weathers K. C., Strayer D. L., and Likens, G. E. (eds). Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science. Academic Press.

  9. Engineered ecosystem (patch) & landscape Unmodified • EMO Engineered Engineered: Physical control by organisms on internal structure & function Unmodified: Not engineered by the focal engineer(s) Landscape = n engineered + n unmodified in space EMO: Fluxes of energy, materials, organisms

  10. Outline • Ecosystem Context • Cause-Effect, Time & Space • Definitions • Framework: Mostly Temporal • Space • Spatio-Temporal Dynamics • Identity & Ecosystem Functioning • Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology

  11. Definitions Physical Non-Trophic Abiotic resources Abiotic conditions Biotic effect Process Consequence Ecosystem Jones & Gutiérrez 2007

  12. Framework: Mostly Temporal Process, consequences, system dynamics Magnitudes Jones et al. 2010

  13. Engineering Process Engineer > structural change > abiotic change Exemplify!

  14. Engineer structure formation (F) 1. Necessary? Sufficient? 2. Autogenic/allogenic? 3. Constraints? 4. Density & per capita engineering activity: necessary/sufficient? 5. Structural legacies? 6. Measure? Units?

  15. Structural decay (D) 1. Agents? 2. Why occur? 3. Determinants? 4. Offset? 5. Legacy fate? 6. Measure? Units?

  16. Net structural change (F-D) 1. Why relevant? 2. Measure? Units?

  17. Abiotic change 1. Why occur? 2. Determinants? 3. Measure? Units? 4. Relationship between abiotic change & structural decay?

  18. Engineering Consequence Structural/abiotic change > Biotic change & engineer feedbacks Exemplify!

  19. 1. Why occur? 2. How predict? Expectations? 3. Measure? Units? 4. Why feedbacks relevant? 5. Kinds of feedback? Time scales? Consequences?

  20. Space Engineer Engineering requirements Structural- & abiotic-state dependence Other species Engineered habitat specialists Unmodified habitat specialists Habitat generalists Energetic & material connectance Unmodified • EMO Engineered

  21. Spatio-Temporal Dynamics 1. General model of environmental dynamics Engineer & Environment Raynaud et al 2012

  22. Engineer ‘push’/decay ‘pull’ determine landscape environmental state & heterogeneity Decay can stabilize engineer populations Decay changes environmental expectations based on feedbacks

  23. 2. Dynamics of engineer consequence Engineer Environment Species richness Wright, J. P. 2009. Linking populations to landscapes: Richness scenarios resulting from changes in the dynamics of an ecosystem engineer. Ecology, 90: 3418–3429

  24. Outline • Ecosystem Context • Cause-Effect, Time & Space • Identity & Ecosystem Functioning • Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology

  25. Engineer(s) > Structural state(s) > Abiotic state(s) > Biotic state(s) > Ecosystem function(s) A species A ‘relatively uniform’ consortium of species A divergent assemblage w. some net effect

  26. Outline • Ecosystem Context • Cause-Effect, Time & Space • Identity & Ecosystem Functioning • Frontiers Beyond & Within Ecology

  27. Ecosystem Engineering & … • Management • Evolution • Biogeochemistry • Geomorphology • Trophic Interactions

  28. Ecosystem Engineering & Management Humans as ecosystem engineers ‘par excellence’ (Jones et al. 1994) – Largely ignored! Why? Lessons from nature’s engineers for human engineers? Sustainability; flexibility, adaptability & resilience; … Ecosystem engineers, restoration, conservation, environmental management – Manage species that manage environments! Byers et al. 2006; beaver for wetlands; cows on ski slopes; vegetation on historic ruins; sheep, grass & dykes, forests & avalanches; …

  29. Ecosystem Engineering & Evolution Paleo-engineering (Erwin 2008) Benthic bulldozers, stout razor clams, sticklebacks Adaptation tovs. of the abiotic environment Extended phenotype, third helix, niche construction Eco-Evo dynamics – Same time frames Frogs in beaver ponds, exotic Caulerpa & native bivalves How ecosystem engineering might be useful Abiota do not evolve they develop in response to biota & have a ‘life’ of their own Engineering process & consequence usefully distinguished these

  30. Ecosystem Engineering & Biogeochemistry Abiotic controls on process rates Engineers alter those controls in space & time This can be integrated within & between ecosystems, but rarely is. Why? Gutiérrez & Jones 2006

  31. Ecosystem Engineering & (Bio-)Geomorphology A lot of ecosystem engineering occurs through a geomorphic interface (Bio-)geomorphology is more informed by geomorphology than ecology (ecosystem engineering) & ecosystem engineering is more informed by ecology than (bio-)geomorphology Both disciplines have different knowledge & skill sets (concepts, methods, models, …) The reciprocal dynamic (ecology < > geomorphology) is an emerging frontier Jones 2012

  32. Ecosystem Engineering & Trophic Interactions All engineers ‘eat’ & get eaten Engineering can affect trophic interactions The two processes interact Kelp forests; Bay of Fundy diatoms, amphipods & sandpipers; crayfish & mayflies; ants in the Negev, … How best to integrate (Kefiet al. 2012)? Food web network structure & dynamics, energy & nutrient flow?

  33. "Sure, kid. You start by working for the ecosystem, but pretty soon you figure out how to get the ecosystem working for you!"

More Related