Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR)

1. Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) Searching a large database for images that match a query: • What kinds of databases? • What kinds of queries? • What constitutes a match? • How do we make such searches efficient?

2. Applications • Art Collections e.g. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco • Medical Image Databases CT, MRI, Ultrasound, The Visible Human • Scientific Databases e.g. Earth Sciences • General Image Collections for Licensing Corbis, Getty Images • The World Wide Web

3. What is a query? • an image you already have • a rough sketch you draw • a symbolic description of what you want e.g. an image of a man and a woman on a beach

4. SYSTEMS

5. Some Systems You Can Try Corbis Stock Photography and Pictures http://pro.corbis.com/ • Corbis sells high-quality images for use in advertising, • marketing, illustrating, etc. • Search is entirely by keywords. • Human indexers look at each new image and enter keywords. • A thesaurus constructed from user queries is used.

6. QBIC IBM’s QBIC (Query by Image Content) http://wwwqbic.almaden.ibm.com • The first commercial system. • Uses or has-used color percentages, color layout, • texture, shape, location, and keywords.

7. Blobworld UC Berkeley’s Blobworld http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/blobworld • Images are segmented on color plus texture • User selects a region of the query image • System returns images with similar regions • Works really well for tigers and zebras

8. Ditto Ditto: See the Web http://www.ditto.com • Small company • Allows you to search for pictures from web pages

9. Feature Space Images Image Features / Distance Measures Query Image Retrieved Images User Image Database Distance Measure Image Feature Extraction

10. Features • Color (histograms, gridded layout, wavelets) • Texture (Laws, Gabor filters, local binary pattern) • Shape (first segment the image, then use statistical • or structural shape similarity measures) • Objects and their Relationships • This is the most powerful, but you have to be able to • recognize the objects!

11. Color Histograms

12. QBIC’s Histogram Similarity The QBIC color histogram distance is: dhist(I,Q) = (h(I) - h(Q)) A (h(I) - h(Q)) T • h(I) is a K-bin histogram of a database image • h(Q) is a K-bin histogram of the query image • A is a K x K similarity matrix

13. Similarity Matrix RGBYCV 1 0 0 .5 0 .5 0 1 0 .5 .5 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 R G B Y C V ? How similar is blue to cyan? ?

14. Gridded Color Gridded color distance is the sum of the color distances in each of the corresponding grid squares. 2 2 1 1 3 4 3 4 What color distance would you use for a pair of grid squares?

15. Color Layout (IBM’s Gridded Color)

16. Texture Distances • Pick and Click (user clicks on a pixel and system • retrieves images that have in them a region with • similar texture to the region surrounding it. • Gridded (just like gridded color, but use texture). • Histogram-based (e.g. compare the LBP histograms).

17. Laws Texture

18. Shape Distances • Shape goes one step further than color and texture. • It requires identification of regions to compare. • There have been many shape similarity measures • suggested for pattern recognition that can be used • to construct shape distance measures.

19. Global Shape Properties:Projection Matching 0 4 1 3 2 0 Feature Vector (0,4,1,3,2,0,0,4,3,2,1,0) 0 4 3 2 1 0 In projection matching, the horizontal and vertical projections form a histogram. What are the weaknesses of this method? strengths?

20. Global Shape Properties:Tangent-Angle Histograms 135 0 30 45 135 Is this feature invariant to starting point? Is it invariant to size, translation, rotation?

21. Boundary Matching • Fourier Descriptors • Sides and Angles • Elastic Matching The distance between query shape and image shape has two components: 1. energy required to deform the query shape into one that best matches the image shape 2. a measure of how well the deformed query matches the image

22. Del Bimbo Elastic Shape Matching query retrieved images

23. Regions and Relationships • Segment the image into regions • Find their properties and interrelationships • Construct a graph representation with • nodes for regions and edges for • spatial relationships • Use graph matching to compare images Like what?

24. Tiger Image as a Graph sky image above adjacent above inside tiger grass above adjacent above sand abstract regions

25. Object Detection: Rowley’s Face Finder 1. convert to gray scale 2. normalize for lighting* 3. histogram equalization 4. apply neural net(s) trained on 16K images What data is fed to the classifier? 32 x 32 windows in a pyramid structure * Like first step in Laws algorithm, p. 220

26. Fleck and Forsyth’s Flesh Detector The “Finding Naked People” Paper • Convert RGB to HSI • Use the intensity component to compute a texture map • texture = med2 ( | I - med1(I) | ) • If a pixel falls into either of the following ranges, • it’s a potential skin pixel • texture < 5, 110 < hue < 150, 20 < saturation < 60 • texture < 5, 130 < hue < 170, 30 < saturation < 130 median filters of radii 4 and 6 Look for LARGE areas that satisfy this to identify pornography.

27. Wavelet Approach Idea: use a wavelet decomposition to represent images • What are wavelets? • compression scheme • uses a set of 2D basis functions • representation is a set of coefficients, one for • each basis function

28. Jacobs, Finkelstein, Salesin Methodfor Image Retrieval (1995) 1. Use YIQ color space 2. Use Haar wavelets 3. 128 x 128 images yield 16,384 coefficients x 3 color channels 4. Truncate by keeping the 40-60 largest coefficients (make the rest 0) 5. Quantize to 2 values (+1 for positive, -1 for negative)

29. JFS Distance Metric d(I,Q) = w00| Q[0,0] - I[0,0] | +  wij | Q’[i,j] - I’[i,j] | ij where the w’s are weights, Q[0,0] and I[0,0] are scaling coefficients related to average image intensity, Q’[i,j] and I’[i,j] are the truncated, quantized coefficients.

30. Experiments 20,558 image database of paintings 20 coefficients used User “paints” a rough version of the painting he /she wants on the screen. See Video

31. Relevance Feedback In real interactive CBIR systems, the user should be allowed to interact with the system to “refine” the results of a query until he/she is satisfied. Relevance feedback work has been done by a number of research groups, e.g. • The Photobook Project (Media Lab, MIT) • The Leiden Portrait Retrieval Project • The MARS Project (Tom Huang’s group at Illinois)

32. Information Retrieval Model* • An IR model consists of: • a document model • a query model • a model for computing similarity between documents and the queries • Term (keyword) weighting • Relevance Feedback *from Rui, Huang, and Mehrotra’s work

33. Term weighting • Term weight • assigning different weights for different keyword(terms) according their relative importance to the document • define to be the weight for term ,k=1,2,…,N, in the document i • document i can be represented as a weight vector in the term space

34. Term weighting • The query Q also is a weight vector in the term space • The similarity between D and Q .

35. Using Relevance Feedback • The CBIR system should automatically adjust the weight that were given by the user for the relevance of previously retrieved documents • Most systems use a statistical method for adjusting the weights.

36. The Idea of Gaussian Normalization • If all the relevant images havesimilarvalues for component j • the component j is relevant to the query • If all the relevant images have very differentvalues for component j • the component j is not relevant to the query • the inverse of the standard deviation of the related image sequence is a good measure of the weight for component j • the smaller the variance, the larger the weight

37. The Leiden Portrait System was an example of use of relevance feedback. • The user was presented with a set of • portraits on the screen • Each portrait had a “yes” and “no” box • under it, initialized to all “yes” • The user would click “no” on the ones • that were not the sort of portrait desired • The system would repeat its search with • the new feedback (multiple times if desired)

38. Mockup of the Leiden System

39. Andy Berman’s FIDS System multiple distance measures Boolean and linear combinations efficient indexing using images as keys

40. Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Use of key images and the triangle inequality for efficient retrieval.

41. Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Bare-Bones Triangle Inequality Algorithm Offline 1. Choose a small set of key images 2. Store distances from database images to keys Online (given query Q) 1. Compute the distance from Q to each key 2. Obtain lower bounds on distances to database images 3. Threshold or return all images in order of lower bounds

42. Andy Berman’s FIDS System:

43. Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Bare-Bones Algorithm with Multiple Distance Measures Offline 1. Choose key images for each measure 2. Store distances from database images to keys for all measures Online (given query Q) 1. Calculate lower bounds for each measure 2. Combine to form lower bounds for composite measures 3. Continue as in single measure algorithm

44. Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Triangle Tries A triangle trie is a tree structure that stores the distances from database images to each of the keys, one key per tree level. root 4 Distance to key 1 3 1 9 8 Distance to key 2 Y X W,Z

45. Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Triangle Tries and Two-Stage Pruning • First Stage: Use a short triangle trie. • Second Stage: Bare-bones algorithm on the images • returned from the triangle-trie stage. The quality of the output is the same as with the bare-bones algorithm itself, but execution is faster.

46. Andy Berman’s FIDS System:

47. Andy Berman’s FIDS System:

48. Andy Berman’s FIDS System: Performance on a Pentium Pro 200-mHz Step 1. Extract features from query image. (.02s  t  .25s) Step 2. Calculate distance from query to key images. (1s  t  .8ms) Step 3. Calculate lower bound distances. (t  4ms per 1000 images using 35 keys, which is about 250,000 images per second.) Step 4. Return the images with smallest lower bound distances.

49. Demo of FIDS • http://www.cs.washington/research/imagedatabase/demo

50. Weakness of Low-level Features • Can’t capture the high-level concepts