Contents

1. Results of selected applications of LCA and MFA studies at NTNU in a decision support contextAnders Hammer StrømmanFrank Melum Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Engineering Science and TechnologyIndustrial Ecology Programme

2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Anders Hammer StrømmanNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Engineering Science and TechnologyIndustrial Ecology Programme

3. Contents LCA Methodology LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation LCA of Heat from Woodstove Conclusion

4. Contents LCA Methodology LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation LCA of Heat from Woodstove Conclusion

5. The open Leontief Model 1 2 3

6. The Open Leontief Model 1 Solving for the output for a given Functional unit 2 3

7. Åpen Leontief Modell 1 Knowing the emission intensities Solving for induced emissions 2 3

8. Åpen Leontief Modell 1 Knowing the characterization factors Solving impact potentials 2 3

9. Contents LCA Methodology LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation LCA of Heat from Woodstove Conclusion

10. Hybrid LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation Liquidfied Hydrogen Methanol Liquidfied Natural Gas Natural Gas Hydrogen Methanol PEM FC PEM FC - Conversion ICE

11. Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation

12. The LH2 value chain has lowest GWP and no significant disadvantage in other categories

13. Accumulation of impacts along the hydrogen value chain shows importance of car construction

14. Accumulation of impacts along the methanol value chain shows importance of car construction

15. Accumulation of impacts along the methanol value chain shows importance of car construction

16. Car construction has significant impacts. These would be omitted in standard LCA

17. Car construction has significant impacts. These would be omitted in standard LCA MeOH LH2 LNG Global warming potential in kg CO2-eq / 1000km

18. High impacts in production – methodological implications • Vehicles assessed has an substantial amount of pollution related to their production • Assumptions on lifetime and costs are important • The construction of the cars contributes to GWP • LNG 33 % ; MeOH 34 % ; H2 65 % • The combination of input-output analysis and physical models is required to capture this. • Fuel efficient cars => Car construction becomes more important. • On average across all impact categories as much as 60% of the impacts would be unaccounted for if the input-output inventory was left out. • This indicates that the environmental loads are not related to the extraction of the materials but rather the forming of these into components. • Focus on component reuse of components rather than material recycling.

19. Contents LCA Methodology LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation LCA of Heat form Woodstove Conclusion

20. Heating with Firewood? • Norway: From net exporter to net importer of electricity. • 60% av husholdningenes el-forbruk går til oppvarming. • Statlig ønske om energifleksibilitet og økt varmeproduksjon. • Vedovn, et miljøvennlig alternativ? • Ønsker å vurdere miljøbelastningen gjennom hele livsløpet til vedovn som varmekilde.

21. Wood Stove System

22. Inventory

23. High Importance of foreground system

24. Accumulation of Impacts and Value Added

25. Conclusion • Life Cycle Analysis • Low uncertainty in the model. • The use phase is most important in all categories. • Ca 50-95 % • The transport distance is important, particularly for GWP, Eutrophication and Acidification • Ca 30 % • To improve the environmental performance of fire wood as a heating source • Improvements in combustion technology • Reductions in transport distances

26. Contents LCA Methodology LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation LCA of Heat from Woodstove Conclusion

27. LCA: Summary • Strengths: • Gives a thorough description of where the environmental loads in a system occurs. • Allows for identification of problem shifting. • Relevant for risk management. • Fuel Cell Cars: Mercedes Benz ahead of NGO’s • Can be embedded in an CSR Strategy. • Upstream Ethical and Environmental assessment • Challenges: • Requires good availability to system data (often sensitive) • Transparency • Lessons Learned: • Combination with Economic Input-Output analysis seems promising for • Obtaining good inventories quickly. • Understanding distribution of value added.

28. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) Frank Vidar Melum Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Engineering Science and Technology Department of Engineering Design and Materials Industrial Ecology Programme

29. Contents The concept of MFA Polymer recycling (static) Building materials (dynamic) Strengths and weaknesses

30. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) • Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier 1789) • IN = OUT • Flow of matter lies at the heart of many environmental problems • thus studying the material basis of human society to get insight in pollution and depletion problems and to formulate effective and efficient solutions • Dematerialization of human society • from products to services, the service economy

31. Add. Air and Water Water Vapor Foreign Hidden Flows Imports Exports ECONOMIC PROCESSING DMI Domestic Processed Outputs DPO (to Air, Land, and Water) TMR Domestic Extraction TDO STOCKS Domestic Hidden Flows Domestic Hidden Flows DOMESTIC ECONOMY DMI (Direct Material Input) = Domestic Extraction + Imports TMR (Total Material Requirement) = DMI + Domestic Hidden Flows + Foreign Hidden Flows DPO (Domestic Processed Output) = DMI – Net Additions to Stock – Exports TDO (Total Domestic Output) = DPO + Domestic Hidden Flows NAS (Net Adddition to Stock) = DMI - DPO - Exports

32. Example I: Plastic waste management system • Recycling ratio? - (X8 + X9)/X0,1 - (X8 + X9 + X11 )/X0,1

33. End-of-life treatment for rigid plastics (static) • The sorting of rigid plastics are much lower than the collection rates

34. Improvement in plastics waste management system Introduction of automatic sorting is suggested as system improvement

35. Example II: Building stock dynamics (dwellings)

36. Example II: Concrete stock dynamics (dwellings)

37. MFA: Summary • Strengths: • gives a total picture thus systems perspective • mass is a simple understandable indicator • Weaknesses: • no distinction between different materials • link with environmental problems is weak first of all • Lessons Learned: • aggregated indicators should not be used as an direct indicator of environmental impact • generate insight in the material basis of society • what are the main inflows and outflows • introduction of the systems perspective in environmental policy making: prevention of problem-shifting

38. Sources • Bergsdal, H. and Brattebø, H. “Dynamic analysis of strategies and systems for use of resources from C&D waste in Norway” Presentation Yale, 2005 • Brattebø, H. “Methodology of Material Flow Analysis” NTNU, 2006 • Kleijn, R. “Material Flow Accounting - a tool for the Industrial Ecologist” NTNU, 2003. • Melum, F. and Røine, K. “Proposal for an Eco-efficiency Assessment of Recycling Schemes for Plastic Packaging” ISIE, 2005 • Røine, K. and Brattebø, H. “Material Flow Analysis Supporting Industrial Ecology Policies” NTNU, 2006