BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF AGGRESSION

1. BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF AGGRESSION ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS

2. GENETICS • XYY karotype – research by Court-Brown suggested men with this extra Y chromosome had increased likelihood of aggressive behaviour (and should be locked up). This link was later retracted. • How aggression is passed from generation to generation - Nelson – selective breeding can lead to more aggressive behaviour in animals • Theilgaard researched the personality traits of XYY men compared to XY men and XXY men. • XYY are about 1 in 1000men and only characteristic associated with it seems to be height. • In her study she showed that XYY tended to give more aggressive interpretations of images, but this doesn’t mean they would act aggressively.

3. Twin studies have generally focused on criminal behaviour using MZ and DZ twins – Coccaro – using adult twins found that nearly 50% of variance in direct aggressive behaviour was due to genetic factors. • Adoption studies – if a positive correlation is found between aggressive behaviour in adopted children and in their biological parents, a genetic effect is implied. If positive correlation found between adopted child and rearing family – environmental effect implied. A study of over 14000 adoptions in Denmark found a significant number of adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents (especially father) with criminal convictions – Hutchings and Mednick

4. Meta analysis – Miles and Carey 24 twin and adoption studies. Used self reports and some observations Results suggested strong genetic influence – upto 50% Age differences were important , genes and family environment influential in youth but influence of rearing environment decreased with age.

5. A gene for aggression The role of MAOA no individual gene has been found for aggression but a gene has been found for producing a protein MAOA that is associated with aggressive behaviour. MAOA regulates serotonin and low levels of this are associated with impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Brunner – study of Dutch family where male members behaviour was particularly violent and aggressive – also had very low levels of MAOA. Caspi – study of 500 male children found 2 variants of the gene – one associated with high levels of MAOA and one with low levels. Those with low level significantly more likely to grow up showing anti-social behaviour IF maltreated as children (no difference if not maltreated) showing a gene – environment interaction.

6. May be no gene for violent crime but inherited temperament or personality may place some at more risk of committing violent crime. Adoption studies show highest rate of criminal violence in adopted children is when biological and adoptive parents have a history of violent crime. In other studies genetic influence only significant in cases of property crime not violent crime.

7. AO2 • Very difficult to determine role of genes • More than one gene normally contributed to a given behaviour • Lot of non-genetic influences • The two may interact with each other – gene-environment interaction.

8. Problems of assessing aggression Studies using parental and self reports of aggressive behaviour show higher genetic contribution than those using observations - methodological problems. Studies often fail to distinguish between violent and non-violent crime therefore difficult to untangle genetic factors in aggressive behaviour and between habitual and one off violence. Walters – meta analysis only showed low to moderate correlation between heredity and crime, and modern better designed studies show lower correlations

9. Problems of sampling. Studies have focused on individuals convicted of violent crime, relatively few are actually convicted so may not be representative of those involved in aggressive behaviour. Some convicted may be one off offenders rather than the most persistent

10. Real-World Application • Despite weak evidence for biological base suggestions put forward to ‘treat’ those predisposed to violence e.g genetic engineering, and chemical castration. Ethical consequences of labelling someone a threat based on their genetic inheritance show why an awareness of the limitations of these studies is very important

11. Lot of studies into aggressive behaviour has been done on animals often using selective breeding programmes and ‘knockout’ techniques. Young – claimed to have identified a genetic mutation that caused violent behaviour in mice. A counterpart of this gene does appear in humans although precise function unknown. • Ethical issues involved with animal testing. • Problem of generalising to human behaviour.