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CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 8. The Nonverbal Code. Non-Verbal Communication. Non-verbal communication are messages that do not involve spoken words, such as messages sent through body motions, vocal qualities, use of time, space, artifacts, dress, and even smell. (p. 269).

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CHAPTER 8

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  1. CHAPTER 8 The Nonverbal Code

  2. Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication are messages that do not involve spoken words, such as messages sent through body motions, vocal qualities, use of time, space, artifacts, dress, and even smell. (p. 269)

  3. How Nonverbal Communication is used with Verbal Communication • Complements • Accents • Substitutes • Repeats • Contradicts

  4. Nonverbal vs. VerbalCommunication • More primitive • Partly unconscious • Informal • Unlearned signals • Cultural • Requires thought • Formal • Learned symbols

  5. Kinesics • Body movement--including gestures, hand/arm movement, leg movement, facial expressions, eye gaze, and stance/posture.

  6. Categories of Kinesics • Emblems—primarily hand gestures with direct literal verbal translation. • Illustrators—typically hand and arm movements that accent/complement what is being said. • Affect displays—facial expressions of emotion, with universal and cultural characteristics. (10,000 facial expressions, p. 279) • Regulators—behaviors/actions that govern, direct, or manage conversation. (hand gestures, eye contact, nodding, etc.) • Adaptors—actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs.

  7. Paralanguage • Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech. Two categories: • Voice qualities • Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation. • Vocalizations • Laughing, crying, sighing, snoring. • Also, Silence is considered paralanguage.

  8. Proxemics • Perception and use of space. • Territoriality—physical geographical space. • Personal space—perceptual or psychological space. • Population size and socioeconomic factors affect perception of space.

  9. Haptics • Tactile communication; the use of touch. • Opposite sex touch in cultures. • Touch avoidance. • Prohibited touch.

  10. Olfactics • Sense of smell. • Humans detect up to 10,000 different compounds by smell. • Scent comes from two glands: sebaceous and apocrine. • Scent can function as: • A sex attractant • A marker for social class distinctions.

  11. Physical Appearance and Dress • Can communicate age, sex, and status within culture. • Masai • Islamic cultures • India

  12. Chronemics • Nonverbal channel of time. • Monochronic-time. • Polychronic-time.

  13. Individualism vs. Collectivism • More distant proximally. • Smile more. • More nonverbally “affiliative” (brings people closer) • More distant psychologically. • Suppress affect displays. • More synchronized body movements.

  14. Power Distance and Nonverbal Communication • Low power distance cultures are less aware of vocalics (eg. noisy, exaggerated). • High power distance cultures avert eye contact more to show respect.

  15. Context and Nonverbal Communication • Low-context cultures are more direct and talkative. • High-context cultures pay more attention to nonverbal behavior in interactions.

  16. Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory • Premise—people hold expectancies about the appropriateness of nonverbal behaviors in others. • These expectancies are learned and culturally driven. • When violations are committed, arousal is triggered, and an evaluation is made. • Evaluation is dependent upon: • The communicator. • Implicit messages associated with violation. • Evaluations of the act.

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