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TUBERCULOSIS

TUBERCULOSIS. What is tuberculosis?. Tuberculosis is a disease caused by an infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. What are the symptoms?. Typical signs of tuberculosis are:

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TUBERCULOSIS

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  1. TUBERCULOSIS

  2. What is tuberculosis? Tuberculosis is a disease caused by an infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

  3. What are the symptoms? • Typical signs of tuberculosis are: • Chronic or persistent cough and sputum production. If the disease is at an advanced stage the sputum will contain blood. • Fatigue. • Lack of appetite. • Weight loss. • Fever. • Night sweats.

  4. How is tuberculosis treated? • Today, treatment involves three or four different kinds of antibiotics given in combination over 6 to 12 months. • Multiple medicines are necessary to prevent the emergence of resistance, which would lead to treatment failure. • The main cause of treatment failure is non-compliance with what is perceived as a demanding and prolonged programme of therapy.

  5. TB TREATMENT PLAN • For positive culture do susceptibilities and report results to Health Department • begin taking four medications — isoniazid, rifampicin , ethambutol pyrazinamide and streptomycin . • The standard "short" course treatment for tuberculosis (TB), is: • isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for two months, • Then isoniazid and rifampicin alone for a further four months. • This regimen may change if tests later show some of these drugs to be ineffective.

  6. ISONIAZIDAdverse Reactions • Hepatitis • Peripheral neuropathy • Lupus

  7. ISONIAZIDMonitoring • Liver function tests • Clinical signs of hepatic toxicity • Numbness/tingling of extremities

  8. ISONIAZIDDrug Interactions • Alcohol • Phenytoin • Disulfiram • Aluminum Salts • Carbamazepine • Benzodiazepines • Anticoagulants • Ketoconazole

  9. RIFAMPINAdverse Reactions • Hepatitis • Orange discoloration of secretions • Drug interactions • Immunologic mediated illness

  10. RIFAMPINMonitoring • Liver function tests • Clinical signs of hepatic toxicity • CBC, platelets, serum creatinine, bilirubin • Bleeding abnormalities

  11. RIFAMPINDrug Interactions • Warfarin • Digoxin • Beta-blockers • Ketoconazole • Verapamil • Quinidine • Methadone • Phenytoin. • Corticosteroids • Oral Contraceptives • Dapsone • Theophylline • Sulfonylureas • Cyclosporine • Protease Inhibitors

  12. ETHAMBUTOLAdverse Reactions • Gout • Rash • Peripheral neuritis • Optic neuritis

  13. ETHAMBUTOLMonitoring • Visual acuity • Uric acid levels

  14. ETHAMBUTOLDrug Interaction Aluminum salts

  15. PYRAZINAMIDEAdverse Reactions • Hepatitis • Gout

  16. PYRAZINAMIDEMonitoring • Liver function tests • Clinical signs of hepatic toxicity • Uric acid levels

  17. STREPTOMYCINAdverse Reactions • Auditory • Vestibular • Nephrotoxicity • Hypersensitivity

  18. STREPTOMYCINMonitoring Signs of Ototoxicity • Vertigo • Ataxia • Hearing Loss

  19. STREPTOMYCINDrug Interactions • Loop diuretics • Neuromuscular blockers

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