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Genetics and Heredity

Genetics and Heredity. Genetics and traits. Genetics: the study of how certain features are passed from parents to their offspring Trait: a distinguishing quality that all members of a species have in common (eyes, chin, etc.)

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Genetics and Heredity

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  1. Genetics and Heredity

  2. Genetics and traits • Genetics: the study of how certain features are passed from parents to their offspring • Trait: a distinguishing quality that all members of a species have in common (eyes, chin, etc.) • Variations: Different forms of the same trait (blue/brown/or green eyes, cleft chin)

  3. Traits • Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring. • Heredity plus your environment will work together to influence who you will become • “Nature Vs. Nurture • Which do you think bear a greater impact on your development?

  4. Reproduction and Heredity • Four basic methods of asexual reproduction: • 1.Rooting: a cutting is taken from a mature plant and rooted to create a new plant (often used to get desirable traits in agriculture) • 2.Spores: like seeds can grow into new organisms • 3.Budding: small bud forms on the parent and breaks off to form a new organism’ • 4.Fission: (most common) dna is copied, cell divides, new cell membrane encases new daughter cells

  5. Sexual Reproduction • Requires male and female cells (sperm and egg) called gametes. • Does asexual or sexual reproduction generate greater variety? • Sexual reproduction creates greater variety due to a greater variety of trait possibilities. • Traits are passed from parent to offspring in the form of genes • Genes: small segment of DNA that carries hereditary info.

  6. Genes • Genes have all info needed to build, maintain, and reproduce an organism. • Genes link together to form chromosomes • Organisms’ cells can read the codes in chromosomes just like we read a book

  7. Genetic Code

  8. Genetic Code/Traits • Some genes determine on trait: • Straight hairline or widow’s peak • Earlobes are attached or free

  9. Recessive trait Heredity heterozygous homozygous Dominant trait This woman’s genotype This woman’s genotype

  10. DNA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M

  11. DNA is a molecule shaped like a twisted ladder called a double helix • Sugar and phosphate make the support/legs of the ladder • Nitrogen bases such as adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are paired together to make the “rungs” of the ladder

  12. Nucleotide: the “rungs,” or the combination of bases • Certain nitrogen bases always pair up: • A-> T • C->G

  13. Replication: The DNA strand unwinds, unzips, new nucleotides pair up with existing, exposed nitrogen bases and new sugar/phosphate support is produced.

  14. Mutations • Mutations are “errors” in genetic code • Seedless grapes are an example. • Mutation: a change in the sequence of one or more nucleotides in a DNA molecule

  15. Substitution: Sickle Cell Anemia • Insertion: Huntington’s disease • Deletion: Cystic Fibrosis • Inversion: Hemophilia

  16. Mutations Cont • Some mutations do not effects the organism • Some affect appearance and health, some only one of these • Some mutations are caused by a mistake in DNA replication and take years to develop. • Some are uncontrollable, others are not • Mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations to occur • Radiation, smoke, chemicals, pesticides, drugs, x-rays, ultraviolet light, radiation.

  17. Chernobyl • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEmms6vn-p8

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