Review of “Isms”

1. Review of “Isms”

2. The belief that the history has been created by conflicting interests--the bourgeoisie and the proletariat Socialism

3. The belief that equality under the law and constitutionalism are paramount to good government • Liberalism

4. Spreading of economic, political, social or other control over foreign lands and people (post-industrial age) • Imperialism

5. Strong sense of belonging to one group based on language, culture, history; desire for unified country • Nationalism

6. Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour • Unifiers of Italy

7. Frederick Wilhelm, Otto von Bismarck • Unifiers of Germany

8. Karl Marx, Frederick Engels • Brains behind socialism

9. Alexis de Tocqueville • Wrote “Democracy in America” • Liberal theorist • Supporter of Constitutional Monarchy • Supporter of Reform not revolution

10. The Communist Manifesto is written by… • Karl Marx and F. Engels

11. Sardinia, Papal States, Austrian territories, Piedmont • Before Italian Unification--all independent states • Joined the Italian confederation

12. How could one consider Wisconsin a Nation? • Unity brought about by winning the NFL Super Bowl • Unified people through sports language and culture • Everybody likes cheese

13. Germany after Napoleon I • 38 German State Confederation

14. Germany over last 300 years • 300 Germans provinces and princes • Holy Roman Empire • Peace of Augsburg • 30 Years War/Peace of Westphalia • Rise of Prussia • Hohenzollerns, Brandenburg • Confederation of the Rhine • German Confederation • Who should lead—Big Germans, Small Germans

15. Herder’s romantic concept • Volkgeist—spirit of the people

16. Other German romantic nationalists • Grimms Brothers, Treischke, Fabri,

17. 1848 Revolution in Prussia sequence • Frankfurt Assembly • Attempt to unify Germans • Disagree over Big/Small Germans • Not organized • Crown offered to FW IV • Frederick William IV turns down crown • German Confederation 39 states

18. Austria areas of revolution • Vienna—constitution, liberal, German • Prague—nationalist, Czechs/Bohemians, failed, government crushed • Budapest—Magyars/Hungarians, Kossuth, March Laws, crushed after several months (1849)

19. Theorist for Zionism • Theodor Herzl

20. Theorist for Risorgimento/document • Guiseppe Mazzini • Duties of Man • Romantic nationalist

21. Leader of the Hungarian Revolution 1848 • Louis Kossuth

22. Goals of Hungarians • Liberal constitution • Autonomy for Magyars/Hungarians • Crushed by Austrian and Russian forces

23. Another 1848 Revolution in Austrian Empire • Prague • Czechs/Bohemians • Also crushed

24. 2 Revolutions in the Prussian Empire? • Berlin and Frankfurt 1848

25. Goal and results of Berlin • Assembly created • Coalition of workers and students/mid class • Desire for liberal constitution • Ultimately crushed due to lack of organization, leadership

26. Goal results of Frankfurt • Liberal constitution • Assembly formed • Unify germans • Looked to Austria first to lead (Big Germany • Offered crown to Frederick Wilhelm IV • Turned down crown from the gutter

27. Biggest Problem with Frankfurt • Lack of organization; waffled on who was to lead Germany

28. What were the results of the revolutions in Prussia and Austrian Empires • Failed, but would eventually be successful with the unification of Germany in 1871 and the Dual Monarchy of 1866 with Austrians and Magyars

29. What was the February Revo about in France? • Workers and Mid. Class unhappy about “banquets” being delayed • Wanted political and economic reforms

30. June Days? • Workshops ended • Barricades • Cavagnac sent troops against people, soldiers followed orders this time • Led to 2nd Republic, new constitution

31. Decembrists? • 1825 uprising of Russian military officers • Wanted liberal changes • Wanted Constantine, not Nickolas

32. July Monarch? • Louis Phillippe the bourgeois king • Pro business, middle class • Ineffective by 1848 • Came to power in 1830 after Charles X

33. How were the French Revolutions different from those in other parts of Europe in 1848? • Not nationalistic • More economic in nature • Ended with republic, but then empire of Napoleon III

34. What other areas of the world have written about and fought for national identity? • Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Chechnya, Taiwan, etc.

35. Slogan Blood and Iron • Otto von Bismarck

36. Realpolitik • Do whatever is necessary to carry out goals • Bismarck

37. In a nutshell, how was Germany unified? • 3 wars— • Danish • Austrian/7 Weeks • Franco Prussian—ended Second Empire of Napoleon III

38. French Revolution was this kind of revolution • Liberal Revolution

39. In order to unify Italy, Cavour allied with what country? • France

40. Give the sequence of unification of Italy— • Piedmont Sardinia coalition with France • War against Austria—Lombardy added • Win at Magenta and Solverino • Venetia added • Garibaldi from South to Rome—added Sicily and lower boot • Victor Emmanuel becomes Const monarch • Rome added/Papal states, plebiscites

41. Leader of 2nd Republic and 2nd Empire in France? • Napoleon III

42. _______________ is the belief that the world should be viewed _______________ without the emotions of the Romantics. • Realism, Realistically

43. Romanticists valued ____________ and had a passionate interest in the____________. • Individualism, past

44. Romanticism challenged the Enlightenment and stressed __________ and _____________. • Emotion, sentiment

45. Indochina, Algeria, Tunisia • French colonies • Assimilation emphasized • Revolutions necessary to decolonize

46. Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico • American “Spheres of Influence” • After Spanish American War

47. Motivations for Imperialism… • Raw materials and markets • Civilizing mission • Living space • National power

48. New imperialism is different from old colonialism in what way? • Industrial age • Need for markets and raw materials • Highest stage of capitalism

49. Lenin believed it was the highest stage of Capitalism • Imperialism due to industrialism • Need for markets and resources

50. Key imperialists: • Stanley, Livingstone • Kichener • Rhodes • DeBrazza • Leopold II